An outcome study of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest using the Utstein template—a Japanese experience☆
Introduction
Publication of the Utstein style template [1] has made possible the evaluation and comparison of national, regional, and hospital based Emergency Medical Service systems worldwide [2], [3], [4], [5]. However, such a nationwide statistical analysis for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) has not been reported from Japan. We have developed a national registry to collect outcome data for patients suffering an OHCA in Japan.
The outcome evaluation of OHCA committee consisted of eight medical doctors and one statistical analysis specialist. This research was supported by the Fire and Disaster Management Agency, Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare, Foundation for Ambulance Service Development.
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Materials and methods
Data were collected prospectively on 3029 OHCA patients transported to 10 Emergency and Critical Care Medical Centers in Japan from November 1997 to April 1999. All data were collected and recorded for 1 year according to the Utstein style template. Outcomes were evaluated using logistic regression analysis. Neurological outcomes were assessed according to The Glasgow–Pittsburgh Overall Performance Categories [6] (Table 1).
Results
Among 3029 OHCA patients, 109 were found dead. The remaining 2920 patients who underwent cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) by emergency medical technicians (EMT) were included in this study. Among these patients, 1294 were considered to have a primary cardiac arrest by the EMT. Finally, 722 patients with a primary cardiac arrest suffered a witnessed cardiac arrest, an essential component of the Utstein style template (Fig. 1).
Bystander CPR was performed in 28.4% of all witnessed OHCA patients
Discussion
Although this report is the first nationwide study in Japan and revealed much important evidence concerning resuscitation in OHCA, it does not truly represent the average national EMS performance, because 85% of the data were collected in the big cities such as Tokyo, Osaka, and Sapporo.
There are three big differences in the resuscitation techniques performed by paramedics and physicians in Japan. Japanese paramedics are not permitted to perform tracheal intubation or to administer emergency
Conclusion
We conclude that in order to improve the outcome of OHCA of cardiac origin, we should develop a prehospital medical control system and expand the on-scene management items by Japanese paramedics such as tracheal intubation, emergency drug administration and early defibrillation with standing orders. The education and motivation of first responders will be essential and vigorous effort should be made to improve the bystander CPR rate. It may be possible to change the Utstein style followup
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Outcome Study Committee for Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest, Foundation for Ambulance Service Development, Japan.