Elsevier

Resuscitation

Volume 55, Issue 3, December 2002, Pages 241-246
Resuscitation

An outcome study of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest using the Utstein template—a Japanese experience

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0300-9572(02)00207-1Get rights and content

Abstract

Publication of the Utstein style template has made it possible to evaluate and compare national, regional, and hospital based Emergency Medical Services. This research was a national investigation to present outcome data for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) patients in Japan. 3029 OHCA patients who were transported to 10 Emergency and Critical Care Medical Center from November 1997 to April 1999 were recorded according to the Utstein style and the outcome evaluated by logistic regression analysis. Among 3029 OHCA patients, 109 were found dead. The remaining 2920 patients who underwent cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) by emergency medical technicians (EMT) were included in this study. Among these patients, 1294 were considered of primary cardiac origin patients by the EMT and 722 of these patients suffered a witnessed cardiac arrest. Bystander CPR were performed in 28.4% of these witnessed patients and the discharge rate was 3.5% overall and 11.4% in witnessed VF/VT. Outcome analysis showed that a discharge rate in witnessed primary cardiac arrest was 30% in prehospital resuscitation which was 7.5 times higher than in-hospital emergency room resuscitation groups (4.0%). The longer the interval between an emergency telephone call and defibrillation, the lower the 1 month survival rate, which reached almost 0% at 30 min. Follow up evaluation after discharge revealed that the survival rate rapidly decreased from 24 h to 3 months, then became a plateau in primary cardiac patients was rapidly decreased from 24 h to 1 month, then became a near plateau in non-cardiac origin group. To improve the resuscitation rate in the prehospital phase, a prehospital medical control system should be developed with expansion of on scene techniques by Japanese paramedics such as tracheal intubation, administration of emergency drugs and early defibrillation with standing orders. Education and motivation of first responders will be needed and every effort should be concentrated on improving bystander CPR rate.

Sumàrio

O registo segundo o modelo de Utstein tornou possı́vel avaliar e comparar Serviços de Emergência Médica hospitalares, regionais e nacionais. Este estudo foi uma investigação nacional dos resultados dos doentes vı́timas de paragem cardı́aca pré-hospitalar (OHCA) no Japão. Foram registados 3029 doentes vı́timas de OHCA que foram transportados para 10 Centros Médicos de Emergência e Cuidados Intensivos entre Novembro de 1997 e Abril de 1999, de acordo com o modelo Utstein, sendo o resultado final avaliado por análise de regressão logı́stica. Dos 3029 doentes 109 foram encontrados mortos. Os restantes 2920 doentes que foram submetidos a reanimação cardiopulmonar (CPR) por técnicos de emergência médica (EMT) e incluı́dos neste estudo. 1294 doentes, foram considerados pelos EMT como tedno PCR de origem cardı́aca primária e 722 destes sofreram paragem cardı́aca presenciada. Em 28,4% das paragens presenciadas foi realizada CPR pelas testemunhas e a taxa de alta foi de 3.5% em geral e de 11.4% na VF/VT presenciada. A análise dos resultados revelou que a taxa de alta na paragem cardı́aca presenciada foi de 30% na reanimação pré-hospitalar, o que corresponde a 7.5 vezes mais do que a taxa na reanimação intra-hospitalar (4.0%). Quanto maior o intervalo entre uma chamada telefónica de emergência e a desfibrilhação, menor a taxa de sobrevivência ao fim de um mês, que atingiu quase 0% aos 30 min. A avaliação após alta revelou que a sobrevivência média diminuiu rapidamente das 24 horas até aos 3 meses e depois tornou-se estacionária nos doentes cardı́acos primários; nos doentes com origem no grupo não cardı́aco, diminuiu rapidamente das 24 horas até um mês e depois tornou-se quase estacionária. Para melhorar a taxa de reanimação na fase pré-hospitalar deveria ser desenvolvido um sistema de controlo médico pré-hospitalar com extensão das técnicas dos paramédicos Japoneses nos cenários práticos, tais como entubação traqueal, administração de drogas de emergência e desfibrilhação precoce. É necessário educar e motivar as primeiras ajudas e todos os esforços deveriam ser concentrados na melhoria da taxa de CPR pelas testemunhas.

Resumen

La publicación del templado del estilo Utstein ha hecho posible evaluar y comparar datos nacionales, regionales y servicios de emergencias médicas con base en hospitales. Este estudio fue una investigación nacional para presentar datos de resultados de pacientes de paro cardı́aco extrahospitalario (OHCA) en Japón. 3029 pacientes de paro cardı́aco extrahospitalario que fueron transportados a 10 centros de emergencia y centros médicos de cuidados crı́ticos, entre Noviembre 1997 y Abril 1999, fueron registrados de acuerdo al estilo Utstein y el resultado evaluado con análisis de regresión logı́stica . De 3029 pacientes de paro extrahospitalario, 109 fueron encontrados muertos. Se incluyeron los restantes 2920 pacientes que fueron sometidos a reanimación cardiopulmonar (RCP) por los técnicos en emergencias médicas (EMT). De estos pacientes, 1924 fueron considerados de origen cardiaco primario por los EMT y 722 de ellos sufrieron un paro cardı́aco presenciado. Se realizó RCP por testigos en el 28.4% de estos paros presenciados. La tasa de alta fue de 3.5% para todo el grupo, y de 11.4% para los paros presenciados por VF/VT. El análisis de resultados mostró que la tasa de alta en pacientes vı́ctimas de paro presenciado de origen cardı́aco fue 30% en resucitación prehospitalaria lo que fue 7.5 veces más alta que en grupo de resucitación intrahospitalaria (4%). Cuanto más largo fuera el intervalo entre la llamada telefónica de emergencia y la desfibrilación, menor fue la sobrevida a un mes, la que alcanzó casi un 0% a los 30 min. El seguimiento después del alta hospitalaria reveló que la tasa de sobrevida disminuyó rápidamente de 24 horas a 3 meses, luego aparecı́a un plateau en los pacientes de etiologı́a cardı́aca, y rápidamente disminuye de 24 hrs a 1 mes, y luego aparece casi un plateau del grupo de origen no cardı́aco. Para mejorar el pronóstico del paro cardı́aco prehospitalario, debe desarrollarse un sistema de control médico prehospitalario con expansión de técnicas en la escena por medio de órdenes establecidas y realizadas por paramédicos japoneses, tales como intubación traqueal, administración de drogas de emergencias y desfibrilación temprana,. Será necesaria la educación y motivación de los primeros respondedores, y el esfuerzo debe concentrarse en mejorar la tasa de RCP por testigos.

Introduction

Publication of the Utstein style template [1] has made possible the evaluation and comparison of national, regional, and hospital based Emergency Medical Service systems worldwide [2], [3], [4], [5]. However, such a nationwide statistical analysis for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) has not been reported from Japan. We have developed a national registry to collect outcome data for patients suffering an OHCA in Japan.

The outcome evaluation of OHCA committee consisted of eight medical doctors and one statistical analysis specialist. This research was supported by the Fire and Disaster Management Agency, Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare, Foundation for Ambulance Service Development.

Section snippets

Materials and methods

Data were collected prospectively on 3029 OHCA patients transported to 10 Emergency and Critical Care Medical Centers in Japan from November 1997 to April 1999. All data were collected and recorded for 1 year according to the Utstein style template. Outcomes were evaluated using logistic regression analysis. Neurological outcomes were assessed according to The Glasgow–Pittsburgh Overall Performance Categories [6] (Table 1).

Results

Among 3029 OHCA patients, 109 were found dead. The remaining 2920 patients who underwent cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) by emergency medical technicians (EMT) were included in this study. Among these patients, 1294 were considered to have a primary cardiac arrest by the EMT. Finally, 722 patients with a primary cardiac arrest suffered a witnessed cardiac arrest, an essential component of the Utstein style template (Fig. 1).

Bystander CPR was performed in 28.4% of all witnessed OHCA patients

Discussion

Although this report is the first nationwide study in Japan and revealed much important evidence concerning resuscitation in OHCA, it does not truly represent the average national EMS performance, because 85% of the data were collected in the big cities such as Tokyo, Osaka, and Sapporo.

There are three big differences in the resuscitation techniques performed by paramedics and physicians in Japan. Japanese paramedics are not permitted to perform tracheal intubation or to administer emergency

Conclusion

We conclude that in order to improve the outcome of OHCA of cardiac origin, we should develop a prehospital medical control system and expand the on-scene management items by Japanese paramedics such as tracheal intubation, emergency drug administration and early defibrillation with standing orders. The education and motivation of first responders will be essential and vigorous effort should be made to improve the bystander CPR rate. It may be possible to change the Utstein style followup

References (20)

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