Skip to main content
Log in

The History of Primary Angioplasty and Stenting for Acute Myocardial Infarction

  • Interventional Cardiology (S Rao, Section Editor)
  • Published:
Current Cardiology Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The evolution of the management of acute myocardial infarction (MI) has been one of the crowning achievements of modern medicine. At the turn of the twentieth century, MI was an often-fatal condition. Prolonged bed rest served as the principal treatment modality. Over the past century, insights into the pathophysiology of MI revolutionized approaches to management, with the sequential use of surgical coronary artery revascularization, thrombolytic therapy, and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with primary coronary angioplasty, and placement of intracoronary stents. The benefits of prompt revascularization inspired systems of care to provide rapid access to PCI. This review provides a historical context for our current approach to primary PCI for acute MI.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance

  1. Yeh RW, Sidney S, Chandra M, et al. Population trends in the incidence and outcomes of acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:2155–65.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Dehmer GJ, Weaver D, Roe MT, et al. A contemporary view of diagnostic cardiac catheterization and percutaneous coronary intervention in the United States: a report from the CathPCI Registry of the National Cardiovascular Data Registry, 2010 through June 2011. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60:2017–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Weigart C. Ueber die pathologiische Gerinnugs-Vorgange. Arch Path Anat (Virchow). 1880;79:87–123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Herrick JB. Landmark article (JAMA). Clinical features of sudden obstruction of the coronary arteries. JAMA. 1983;250:1757–65.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Parkinson J, Bedford E. Cardiac infarction and coronary thrombosis. Lancet. 1928;1:4–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Julian DG. Treatment of cardiac arrest in acute myocardial ischaemia and infarction. Lancet. 1961;2:840–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Craven LL. Acetylsalicylic acid, possible preventive of coronary thrombosis. Ann West Med Surg. 1950;4:95.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Tillett WS, Garner RL. The fibrinolytic activity of hemolytic streptococci. J Exp Medi. 1933;58:485–502.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Tillett WS, Sherry S. The effect in patients of streptococcal fibrinolysin (streptokinase) and streptococcal desoxyribonuclease on fibrinous, purulent, and sanguinous pleural exudations. J Clin Invest. 1949;28:173–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Fletcher AP, Alkjaersig N, Smyrniotis FE, Sherry S. The treatment of patients suffering from early myocardial infarction with massive and prolonged streptokinase therapy. Trans Assoc Am Phys. 1958;71:287–96.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Roberts WC, Buja LM. The frequency and significance of coronary arterial thrombi and other observations in fatal acute myocardial infarction: a study of 107 necropsy patients. Am J Med. 1972;52:425–43.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. DeWood MA, Spores J, Notske R, et al. Prevalence of total coronary occlusion during the early hours of transmural myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1980;303:897–902.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Chazov EI, Matveeva LS, Mazaev AV, et al. Intracoronary administration of fibrinolysin in acute myocardial infarct. Ter Arkh. 1976;48:8–19.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Rentrop KP, Blanke H, Karsch KR, et al. Acute myocardial infarction: intracoronary application of nitroglycerin and streptokinase. Clin Cardiol. 1979;2:354–63.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Streptokinase in acute myocardial infarction. European Cooperative Study Group for Streptokinase Treatment in Acute Myocardial Infarction. N Engl J Med 1979, 301:797–802

  16. Rentrop KP, Feit F, Blanke H, et al. Effects of intracoronary streptokinase and intracoronary nitroglycerin infusion on coronary angiographic patterns and mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1984;311:1457–63.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Weinstein J. Treatment of myocardial infarction with intracoronary streptokinase: efficacy and safety data from 209 United States cases in the Hoechst-Roussel registry. Am Heart J. 1982;104:894–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Alderman EL, Jutzy KR, Berte LE, et al. Randomized comparison of intravenous versus intracoronary streptokinase for myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 1984;54:14–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Effectiveness of intravenous thrombolytic treatment in acute myocardial infarction. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Streptochinasi nell’Infarto Miocardico (GISSI). Lancet 1986, 1:397–402

  20. Randomised trial of intravenous streptokinase, oral aspirin, both, or neither among 17,187 cases of suspected acute myocardial infarction: ISIS-2. ISIS-2 (Second International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group. Lancet 1988, 2:349–360

  21. Wilcox RG, von der Lippe G, Olsson CG, et al. Trial of tissue plasminogen activator for mortality reduction in acute myocardial infarction. Anglo-Scandinavian Study of Early Thrombolysis (ASSET). Lancet. 1988;2:525–30.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. An international randomized trial comparing four thrombolytic strategies for acute myocardial infarction. The GUSTO investigators. N Engl J Med 1993, 329:673–682

  23. Ohman EM, Califf RM, Topol EJ, et al. Consequences of reocclusion after successful reperfusion therapy in acute myocardial infarction. TAMI Study Group. Circulation. 1990;82:781–91.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Indications for fibrinolytic therapy in suspected acute myocardial infarction: collaborative overview of early mortality and major morbidity results from all randomised trials of more than 1000 patients. Fibrinolytic Therapy Trialists’ (FTT) Collaborative Group. Lancet 1994, 343:311–322

  25. Phillips SJ, Kongtahworn C, Zeff RH, et al. Emergency coronary artery revascularization: a possible therapy for acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1979;60:241–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Gruntzig AR, Senning A, Siegenthaler WE. Nonoperative dilatation of coronary-artery stenosis: percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. N Engl J Med. 1979;301:61–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Hartzler GO, Rutherford BD, McConahay DR. Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty: application for acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 1984;53:117C–21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Simoons ML, Arnold AE, Betriu A, et al. Thrombolysis with tissue plasminogen activator in acute myocardial infarction: no additional benefit from immediate percutaneous coronary angioplasty. Lancet. 1988;1:197–203.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Immediate vs delayed catheterization and angioplasty following thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction. TIMI II A results. The TIMI Research Group. JAMA 1988, 260:2849–2858

  30. Topol EJ, Califf RM, George BS, et al. A randomized trial of immediate versus delayed elective angioplasty after intravenous tissue plasminogen activator in acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1987;317:581–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. O’Neill WW, Brodie BR, Ivanhoe R, et al. Primary coronary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction (the Primary Angioplasty Registry). Am J Cardiol. 1994;73:627–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. O’Keefe Jr JH, Rutherford BD, McConahay DR, et al. Early and late results of coronary angioplasty without antecedent thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 1989;64:1221–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Grines CL, Browne KF, Marco J, et al. A comparison of immediate angioplasty with thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction. The Primary Angioplasty in Myocardial Infarction Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1993;328:673–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Nunn CM, O’Neill WW, Rothbaum D, et al. Long-term outcome after primary angioplasty: report from the primary angioplasty in myocardial infarction (PAMI-I) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;33:640–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Zijlstra F, de Boer MJ, Hoorntje JC, et al. A comparison of immediate coronary angioplasty with intravenous streptokinase in acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1993;328:680–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. A clinical trial comparing primary coronary angioplasty with tissue plasminogen activator for acute myocardial infarction. The Global Use of Strategies to Open Occluded Coronary Arteries in Acute Coronary Syndromes (GUSTO IIb) Angioplasty Substudy Investigators. N Engl J Med 1997, 336:1621–1628

  37. Every NR, Parsons LS, Hlatky M, et al. A comparison of thrombolytic therapy with primary coronary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction. Myocardial Infarction Triage and Intervention Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:1253–60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Gibbons RJ, Holmes DR, Reeder GS, et al. Immediate angioplasty compared with the administration of a thrombolytic agent followed by conservative treatment for myocardial infarction. The Mayo Coronary Care Unit and Catheterization Laboratory Groups. N Engl J Med. 1993;328:685–91.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Ribeiro EE, Silva LA, Carneiro R, et al. Randomized trial of direct coronary angioplasty versus intravenous streptokinase in acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993;22:376–80.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Keeley EC, Boura JA, Grines CL. Primary angioplasty versus intravenous thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: a quantitative review of 23 randomised trials. Lancet. 2003;361:13–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Meier B, King 3rd SB, Gruentzig AR, et al. Repeat coronary angioplasty. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1984;4:463–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Holmes Jr DR, Vlietstra RE, Smith HC, et al. Restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA): a report from the PTCA Registry of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Am J Cardiol. 1984;53:77C–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Schatz RA, Baim DS, Leon M, et al. Clinical experience with the Palmaz-Schatz coronary stent. Initial results of a multicenter study. Circulation. 1991;83:148–61.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Stone GW, Brodie BR, Griffin JJ, et al. Clinical and angiographic follow-up after primary stenting in acute myocardial infarction: the Primary Angioplasty in Myocardial Infarction (PAMI) stent pilot trial. Circulation. 1999;99:1548–54.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Suryapranata H, Van’t Hof AW, Hoorntje JC, et al. Randomized comparison of coronary stenting with balloon angioplasty in selected patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1998;97:2502–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Rodriguez A, Bernardi V, Fernandez M, et al. In-hospital and late results of coronary stents versus conventional balloon angioplasty in acute myocardial infarction (GRAMI trial). Gianturco-Roubin in Acute Myocardial Infarction. Am J Cardiol. 1998;81:1286–91.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Grines CL, Cox DA, Stone GW, Stent Primary Angioplasty in Myocardial Infarction Study Group, et al. Coronary angioplasty with or without stent implantation for acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:1949–56.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Antoniucci D, Santoro GM, Bolognese L, et al. A clinical trial comparing primary stenting of the infarct-related artery with optimal primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction: results from the Florence Randomized Elective Stenting in Acute Coronary Occlusions (FRESCO) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;31:1234–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Stone GW, Grines CL, Cox DA, et al. Comparison of angioplasty with stenting, with or without abciximab, in acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:957–66.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Zhu MM, Feit A, Chadow H, et al. Primary stent implantation compared with primary balloon angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Am J Cardiol. 2001;88:297–301.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. De Luca G, Stone GW, Suryapranata H, et al. Efficacy and safety of drug-eluting stents in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Int J Cardiol. 2009;133:213–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Mauri L, Silbaugh TS, Garg P, et al. Drug-eluting or bare-metal stents for acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:1330–42.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Stone GW, Lansky AJ, Pocock SJ, et al. Paclitaxel-eluting stents versus bare-metal stents in acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:1946–59.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Bangalore S, Amoroso N, Fusaro M, et al. Outcomes with various drug-eluting or bare metal stents in patients with ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction: a mixed treatment comparison analysis of trial level data from 34 068 patient-years of follow-up from randomized trials. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2013;6:378–90.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Bangalore S, Kumar S, Fusaro M, et al. Short- and long-term outcomes with drug-eluting and bare-metal coronary stents: a mixed-treatment comparison analysis of 117 762 patient-years of follow-up from randomized trials. Circulation. 2012;125:2873–91.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Reimer KA, Lowe JE, Rasmussen MM, Jennings RB. The wavefront phenomenon of ischemic cell death. 1. Myocardial infarct size vs duration of coronary occlusion in dogs. Circulation. 1977;56:786–94.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Reimer KA, Vander Heide RS, Richard VJ. Reperfusion in acute myocardial infarction: effect of timing and modulating factors in experimental models. Am J Cardiol. 1993;72:13G–21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Boersma E, Maas AC, Deckers JW, Simoons ML. Early thrombolytic treatment in acute myocardial infarction: reappraisal of the golden hour. Lancet. 1996;348:771–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Goldberg RJ, Mooradd M, Gurwitz JH, et al. Impact of time to treatment with tissue plasminogen activator on morbidity and mortality following acute myocardial infarction (The second National Registry of Myocardial Infarction). Am J Cardiol. 1998;82:259–64.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Berger PB, Ellis SG, Holmes Jr DR, et al. Relationship between delay in performing direct coronary angioplasty and early clinical outcome in patients with acute myocardial infarction: results from the global use of strategies to open occluded arteries in Acute Coronary Syndromes (GUSTO-IIb) trial. Circulation. 1999;100:14–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Cannon CP, Gibson CM, Lambrew CT, et al. Relationship of symptom-onset-to-balloon time and door-to-balloon time with mortality in patients undergoing angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction. JAMA. 2000;283:2941–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. McNamara RL, Wang Y, Herrin J, et al. Effect of door-to-balloon time on mortality in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47:2180–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. O’Gara PT, Kushner FG, Ascheim DD, et al. ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2013;2013(127):e362–425.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Menees DS, Peterson ED, Wang Y, et al. Door-to-balloon time and mortality among patients undergoing primary PCI. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:901–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Grines CL, Westerhausen Jr DR, Grines LL, et al. A randomized trial of transfer for primary angioplasty versus on-site thrombolysis in patients with high-risk myocardial infarction: the Air Primary Angioplasty in Myocardial Infarction study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;39:1713–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Andersen HR, Nielsen TT, Rasmussen K, et al. A comparison of coronary angioplasty with fibrinolytic therapy in acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:733–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Widimsky P, Groch L, Zelizko M, et al. Multicentre randomized trial comparing transport to primary angioplasty vs immediate thrombolysis vs combined strategy for patients with acute myocardial infarction presenting to a community hospital without a catheterization laboratory. The PRAGUE study. Eur Heart J. 2000;21:823–31.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Widimsky P, Budesinsky T, Vorac D, et al. Long distance transport for primary angioplasty vs immediate thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction. Final results of the randomized national multicentre trial—PRAGUE-2. Eur Heart J. 2003;24:94–104.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Moyer P, Feldman J, Levine J, et al. Implications of the mechanical (PCI) vs thrombolytic controversy for ST segment elevation myocardial infarction on the organization of emergency medical services: the Boston EMS experience. Crit Pathw Cardiol. 2004;3:53–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Henry TD, Unger BT, Sharkey SW, et al. Design of a standardized system for transfer of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction for percutaneous coronary intervention. Am Heart J. 2005;150:373–84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Waters 2nd RE, Singh KP, Roe MT, et al. Rationale and strategies for implementing community-based transfer protocols for primary percutaneous coronary intervention for acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43:2153–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Wang TY, Peterson ED, Ou FS, et al. Door-to-balloon times for patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction requiring interhospital transfer for primary percutaneous coronary intervention: a report from the national cardiovascular data registry. Am Heart J. 2011;161:76–83. e71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Jolly SS, Yusuf S, Cairns J, et al. Radial versus femoral access for coronary angiography and intervention in patients with acute coronary syndromes (RIVAL): a randomised, parallel group, multicentre trial. Lancet. 2011;377:1409–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Romagnoli E, Biondi-Zoccai G, Sciahbasi A, et al. Radial versus femoral randomized investigation in ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome: the RIFLE-STEACS (Radial Versus Femoral Randomized Investigation in ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome) study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60:2481–9. This study clearly demonstrates the advantage of primary PCI via the radial approach in patients with ST elevation MI. Transradial access was associated with lower cardiac mortality, bleeding, and shorter hospital stays than traditional femoral arterial access.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Valgimigli M, Gagnor A, Calabro P, et al. Radial versus femoral access in patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing invasive management: a randomised multicentre trial. Lancet. 2015;385:2465–76. In patients with acute coronary syndromes, radial artery access reduced net adverse clinical events in comparison to femoral arterial access, driven largely by major bleeding and all-cause mortality. This study supports the use of radial access in unselected patients with acute coronary syndromes.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Jolly SS, Cairns JA, Yusuf S, et al. Randomized trial of primary PCI with or without routine manual thrombectomy. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:1389–98. This trial demonstrated that routine manual thrombectomy in the overall population with STEMI undergoing primary PCI did not reduce death, infarction, shock or heart failure within 6 months.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Lagerqvist B, Frobert O, Olivecrona GK, et al. Outcomes 1 year after thrombus aspiration for myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:1111–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Carrick D, Oldroyd KG, McEntegart M, et al. A randomized trial of deferred stenting versus immediate stenting to prevent no- or slow-reflow in acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (DEFER-STEMI). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63:2088–98.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  79. Hannan EL, Samadashvili Z, Walford G, et al. Culprit vessel percutaneous coronary intervention versus multivessel and staged percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients with multivessel disease. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2010;3:22–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Toma M, Buller CE, Westerhout CM, et al. Non-culprit coronary artery percutaneous coronary intervention during acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: insights from the APEX-AMI trial. Eur Heart J. 2010;31:1701–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Kornowski R, Mehran R, Dangas G, et al. Prognostic impact of staged versus “one-time” multivessel percutaneous intervention in acute myocardial infarction: analysis from the HORIZONS-AMI (harmonizing outcomes with revascularization and stents in acute myocardial infarction) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;58:704–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Vlaar PJ, Mahmoud KD, Holmes Jr DR, et al. Culprit vessel only versus multivessel and staged percutaneous coronary intervention for multivessel disease in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a pairwise and network meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;58:692–703.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Khattab AA, Abdel-Wahab M, Rother C, et al. Multi-vessel stenting during primary percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction. A single-center experience. Clin Res Cardiol. 2008;97:32–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Qarawani D, Nahir M, Abboud M, et al. Culprit only versus complete coronary revascularization during primary PCI. Int J Cardiol. 2008;123:288–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Varani E, Balducelli M, Aquilina M, et al. Single or multivessel percutaneous coronary intervention in ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2008;72:927–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Navarese EP, De Servi S, Buffon A, et al. Clinical impact of simultaneous complete revascularization vs. culprit only primary angioplasty in patients with st-elevation myocardial infarction and multivessel disease: a meta-analysis. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2011;31:217–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Wald DS, Morris JK, Wald NJ, et al. Randomized trial of preventive angioplasty in myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:1115–23.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Nathaniel R. Smilowitz.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

Frederick Feit: Shareholder (significant): Boston Scientific, Johnson and Johnson, Medtronic, and The Medicines Company; Consultant (modest): The Medicines Company; Honoraria (modest): Abbott.

Nathaniel R. Smilowitz declares that he has no conflict of interest.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

Additional information

This article is part of the Topical Collection on Interventional Cardiology

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Smilowitz, N.R., Feit, F. The History of Primary Angioplasty and Stenting for Acute Myocardial Infarction. Curr Cardiol Rep 18, 5 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11886-015-0681-x

Download citation

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11886-015-0681-x

Keywords

Navigation