Zusammenfassung
Vorangegangene Arbeiten legen nahe, dass Menschen mit einem gestörten Nachtschlaf, insbesondere bei Vorliegen einer primären Insomnie, eine verstärkte Zuwendung der Aufmerksamkeit zu schlafbezogenen Stimuli zeigen (schlafbezogener „Attentional Bias“). Studien zu diesem Effekt verwenden üblicherweise standardisierte Reaktionszeitexperimente, in denen die Effekte einer großen Anzahl schlafbezogener Stimuli gemittelt werden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden die Daten aus 2 Studien daraufhin analysiert, wie stark einzelne Stimuli (Wörter) zum schlafbezogenen Attentional Bias beitragen. Es zeigte sich dabei eine relativ hohe Konsistenz der Effektstärken der einzelnen Stimuli über beide Studien hinweg. Die Kenntnis der Effektstärken einzelner Stimuli ist für die Planung und Auswertung zukünftiger Studien wichtig, um Attentional-Bias-Effekte sowohl in ihrer Größenordnung als auch in ihrer inhaltlichen Bedeutung besser zu verstehen.
Abstract
Previous work suggests that people with poor sleep quality, especially patients with primary insomnia, show an attentional preference for sleep-related stimuli (sleep-related attentional bias). Studies investigating this effect have generally used standardised reaction time experiments, in which the effects of a large number of sleep-related stimuli were averaged. Here, we analysed the data of two studies in order to investigate the contribution of single sleep-related stimuli (words) to sleep-related attentional bias. Results showed that effect sizes of the stimuli were relatively stable between the two studies. Knowing effect sizes of individual stimuli is important for the construction of future attentional paradigms, as well as providing a better understanding of the magnitude and content of sleep-related attentional bias.
Literatur
Amir N, Freshman M, Foa E (2002) Enhanced stroop interference for threat in social phobia. J Anxiety Disord 16(1):1–9
Bryant RA, Harvey AG (1995) Processing threatening information in posttraumatic stress disorder. J Abnorm Psychol 104(3):537–541
Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF, Monk TH et al (1989) The Pittsburgh sleep quality index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Res 28(2):193–213
Cox WM, Fadardi JS, Pothos EM (2006) The addiction-stroop test: Theoretical considerations and procedural recommendations. Psychol Bull 132(3):443–476
Dobson KS, Dozois DJA (2004) Attentional biases in eating disorders: A meta-analytic review of stroop performance. Clin Psychol Rev 23:1001–1022
Espie CA, Broomfield NM, Macmahon KM (2006) The attention-intention-effort pathway in the development of psychophysiologic insomnia: A theoretical review. Sleep Med Rev 10(4):215–245
Harvey AG, Sharpley AL, Ree MJ et al (2007) An open trial of cognitive therapy for chronic insomnia. Behav Res Ther 45(10):2491–2501
Hoddes E, Zarcone V, Smythe H et al (1973) Quantification of sleepiness: A new approach. Psychophysiology 10(4):431–436
Jones BT, Macphee LM, Jones BC et al (2005) Sleep-related attentional bias in good, moderate and poor (primary insomnia) sleepers. J Abnorm Psychol 114(2):249–258
Lang AJ, Sarmiento J (2004) Relationship of attentional bias to anxiety sensitivity and panic. Depress Anxiety 20(4):190–194
Lundh LG, Fröding A, Gyllenhammar L et al (1997) Cognitive bias and memory performance in patients with persistent insomnia. Scand J Behav Ther 26(1):27–35
MacLeod C, Mathews A, Tata P (1986) Attentional bias in emotional disorders. J Abnor Psychol 95(1):15–20
MacMahon KAM, Broomfield NM, Marchetti LM, Espie CA (2006) Attention bias for sleep-related stimuli in primary insomnia and delayed sleep phase syndrome using dot-probe task. Sleep 29(11):1420–1427
Marchetti LM, Biello SM, Broomfield NM et al (2006) Who is pre-occupied with sleep? A comparison of attention bias in people with psychophysiological insomnia, delayed sleep phase syndrome and good sleepers using the induced change blindness paradigm. J Sleep Res 15(2):212–221
Mogg K, Bradley BP (2005) Attentional bias in generalized anxiety disorder versus depressive disorder. Cognitive Ther Res 29(1):29–45
Moritz S, Fischer BK, Hottenrott B et al (2008) Words may not be enough! No increased emotional stroop effect in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behav Res Ther 46(9):1101–1104
Robbins SJ, Ehrman RN (2004) The role of attentional bias in substance abuse. Behav Cogn Neurosci Rev 3(4):243–260
Ruoff A (1990) Häufigkeitswörterbuch gesprochener Sprache. Niemeyer, Tübingen
Spiegelhalder K, Espie C, Nissen C, Riemann D (2008) Sleep-related attentional bias in patients with primary insomnia compared with sleep experts and healthy controls. J Sleep Res 17(2):191–196
Spiegelhalder K, Espie C, Riemann D (2009) Is sleep-related attentional bias due to sleepiness or sleeplessness? Cogn Emot: (in press)
Taylor LM, Espie CA, White CA (2003) Attentional bias in people with acute versus persistent insomnia secondary to cancer. Behav Sleep Med 1(4):200–212
Wicklow A, Espie CA (2000) Intrusive thoughts and their relationship to actigraphic measurement of sleep: towards a cognitive model of insomnia. Behav Res Ther 38(7):679–693
Williams JMG, Mathews A, MacLeod C (1996) The emotional stroop task and psychopathology. Psychol Bull 120(1):3–24
Interessenkonflikt
Der korrespondierende Autor gibt an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Spiegelhalder, K., Kyle, S., Prem, M. et al. Verarbeitung schlafbezogener Stimuli. Somnologie 13, 4–11 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11818-009-0403-y
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11818-009-0403-y