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Immunologie im Alter

Immunology and aging

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Prävention und Gesundheitsförderung Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

Die Alterung des Immunsystems, die Immunseneszenz, ist die wesentliche Ursache für die Zunahme von Infektionen im Alter und damit verbundener Morbidität und Mortalität. Es ist ein multifaktorieller, noch unzureichend untersuchter Prozess, der Veränderungen und Dysfunktionen im angeborenen wie erworbenen Immunsystem auslöst, sowohl auf zellulärer als auch auf molekularer Ebene.

Ergebnisse

Die Immunseneszenz führt ferner zu einer geringeren Wirksamkeit von Impfungen, zum Symptomwandel, zu häufigeren Tumor- und Autoimmunerkrankungen sowie zur Zunahme sog. altersassoziierter Erkrankungen (z. B. Atherosklerose), denen eine erhöhte, meist subklinische Entzündungsaktivität zugrunde liegt („inflammaging“). Der geringeren Wirksamkeit herkömmlicher Impfstoffe im Alter kann z. B. mit der Anpassung von Impfstrategien begegnet werden oder durch eine Erhöhung der Immunogenität der Impfstoffe. Dazu kommen sowohl höhere Antigendosierungen als auch verschiedene Adjuvantien oder andere Applikationswege wie z. B. die epi-/intradermale Immunisierung zur Anwendung.

Schlussfolgerung

Trotz reduzierter Wirksamkeit im Vergleich zu Jüngeren bleiben Impfungen auch im Alter ein wesentliches Standbein der Prävention.

Abstract

Background

The aging of the immune system, so-called immunosenescence, is well documented as the cause of increased infection rates in the elderly with increased morbidity and mortality rates. Immunosenescence is multifactorial and incompletely understood. It includes malfunctioning of the innate and adaptive immune system on a cellular and molecular level.

Results

It can lead to decreased efficacy of vaccination, change of typical symptoms, increased susceptibility to cancer and autoimmune diseases as well as diseases associated with chronic stimulation of the innate immune system (inflammaging) such as atherosclerosis. Because of the decreased response to vaccination it is important to develop strategies to overcome the reduced immune responsiveness of this vulnerable population. There are different approaches: optimisation of vaccination schedules, enhancing the immunogenicity of vaccines by increasing doses of antigens, using adjuvants or developing new routes of administration, e.g. the epi- or intradermal route.

Conclusion

In spite of the decline in immune response due to immunosenescence vaccinations constitute the most cost-effective medical procedure for preventing morbidity and mortality caused by infections.

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Correspondence to A. Kwetkat.

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Kwetkat, A. Immunologie im Alter. Praev Gesundheitsf 5 (Suppl 1), 46–50 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11553-010-0228-3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11553-010-0228-3

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