Skip to main content
Hauptrubriken
Zeitschriften PflegeKolleg Akademie Hebammen Bücher Kongresse & Live-Webinare
Social Media - Folgen Sie uns!
Instagram Facebook X (Twitter) Instagram Hebammen
Service
Jobbörse Web-App Kundenservice Info & Hilfe
Fokus-Themen
Chronisch-entzündliche Darmerkrankung COVID-19-Update Diabetes Hautpflege Klima & Gesundheit Hygiene Intensivpflege Kardiologische Pflege Mobilisation Nachhaltigkeit Nierenerkrankungen Obstipation Onkologische Pflege Palliativpflege Schmerz Sucht in der Pflege Vielfalt, Gleichberechtigung und Inklusion
Erweiterte Suche
Anmelden
nach oben
Notfall + Rettungsmedizin
Erschienen in: Notfall + Rettungsmedizin 1/2006

01.02.2006 | Schwerpunkt: ERC-Leitlinien

Erweiterte Reanimationsmaßnahmen für Erwachsene (ALS)

Abschnitt 4 der Leitlinien zur Reanimation 2005 des European Resuscitation Council

verfasst von: J. P. Nolan, C. D. Deakin, J. Soar, B. W. Böttiger, G. Smith, M. Baubin, Dr. Dr. B. Dirks, V. Wenzel

Erschienen in: Notfall + Rettungsmedizin | Ausgabe 1/2006

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Auszug

Dieses neue Kapitel der CPR-Leitlinien beschreibt die Bedeutung, einen innerklinischen Kreislaufstillstand zu verhindern. Weniger als 20% der Patienten mit einem innerklinischen Kreislaufstillstand können lebend aus der Klinik entlassen werden [1, 2]. Die meisten Überlebenden haben einen beobachteten Kreislaufstillstand mit Kammerflimmern im Monitor-EKG, mit ursächlicher primärer myokardialer Ischämie und werden sofort defibrilliert. Ein Kreislaufstillstand bei Patienten auf peripheren Bettenstationen ohne Monitoring ist meistens kein unvorhersehbares Ereignis und meist nicht durch eine primäre Herzerkrankung bedingt. Diese Patienten zeigen oft eine langsame, aber progrediente Verschlechterung ihres Kreislaufzustands mit Hypoxie und Hypotension, welche entweder durch das Personal nicht bemerkt wird oder aber nach Erkennen nicht ausreichend therapiert wird [3, 4]. Der dem Kreislaufstillstand zugrunde liegende EKG-Befund ist bei dieser Patientengruppe meistens ein nicht defibrillierbarer Rhythmus, die Überlebenswahrscheinlichkeit bis zur Krankenhausentlassung ist dementsprechend extrem schlecht [1, 5]. …
Vorheriger Artikel Elektrische Therapie: automatisierte externe Defibrillatoren, Defibrillation, Kardioversion und Schrittmachertherapie
Nächster Artikel Initiales Management von Patienten mit akutem Koronarsyndrom
Literatur
1.
Gwinnutt CL, Columb M, Harris R (2000) Outcome after cardiac arrest in adults in UK hospitals: effect of the 1997 guidelines. Resuscitation 47: 125–135PubMed
2.
Peberdy MA, Kaye W, Ornato JP et al. (2003) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation of adults in the hospital: a report of 14720 cardiac arrests from the National Registry of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. Resuscitation 58: 297–308PubMed
3.
Hodgetts TJ, Kenward G, Vlackonikolis I et al. (2002) Incidence, location and reasons for avoidable in-hospital cardiac arrest in a district general hospital. Resuscitation 54: 115–123PubMed
4.
Kause J, Smith G, Prytherch D, Parr M, Flabouris A, Hillman K (2004) A comparison of antecedents to cardiac arrests, deaths and emergency intensive care admissions in Australia and New Zealand, and the United Kingdom — the ACADEMIA study. Resuscitation 62: 275–282PubMed
5.
Herlitz J, Bang A, Aune S, Ekstrom L, Lundstrom G, Holmberg S (2001) Characteristics and outcome among patients suffering in-hospital cardiac arrest in monitored and non-monitored areas. Resuscitation 48: 125–135PubMed
6.
Franklin C, Mathew J (1994) Developing strategies to prevent inhospital cardiac arrest: Analyzing responses of physicians and nurses in the hours before the event. Criti Care Med 22: 244–247
7.
McQuillan P, Pilkington S, Allan A et al. (1998) Confidential inquiry into quality of care before admission to intensive care. BMJ 316: 1853–1858PubMedPubMedCentral
8.
National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death (2005) An Acute Problem? National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death, London
9.
Cashman JN (2002) In-hospital cardiac arrest: what happens to the false arrests? Resuscitation 53: 271–276PubMed
10.
11.
Meek T (2000) New house officers‘ knowledge of resuscitation, fluid balance and analgesia. Anaesthesia 55: 1128–1129PubMed
12.
Gould TH, Upton PM, Collins P (1994) A survey of the intended management of acute postoperative pain by newly qualified doctors in the south west region of England in August 1992. Anaesthesia 49: 807–810PubMed
13.
14.
Kruger PS, Longden PJ (1997) A study of a hospital staff’s knowledge of pulse oximetry. Anaesth Intensive Care 25: 38–41PubMed
15.
Wheeler DW, Remoundos DD, Whittlestone KD et al. (2004) Doctors‘ confusion over ratios and percentages in drug solutions: the case for standard labelling. J R Soc Med 97: 380–383PubMedPubMedCentral
16.
Perkins GD, Stephenson B, Hulme J, Monsieurs KG (2005) Birmingham assessment of breathing study (BABS). Resuscitation 64: 109–113PubMed
17.
Goldacre MJ, Lambert T, Evans J, Turner G (2003) Preregistration house officers‘ views on whether their experience at medical school prepared them well for their jobs: national questionnaire survey. BMJ 326: 1011–1012PubMedPubMedCentral
18.
Thwaites BC, Shankar S, Niblett D, Saunders J. Can consultants resuscitate? J R Coll Physicians Lond 26: 265–267
19.
Saravanan P, Soar J (2005) A survey of resuscitation training needs of senior anaesthetists. Resuscitation 64: 93–96PubMed
20.
Featherstone P, Smith GB, Linnell M, Easton S, Osgood VM (2005) Impact of a one-day inter-professional course on attitudes and confidence in managing critically ill adult patients. Resuscitation 65: 329–336PubMed
21.
Harrison GA, Jacques TC, Kilborn G, McLaws ML (2005) The prevalence of recordings of the signs of critical conditions and emergency responses in hospital wards — the SOCCER study. Resuscitation 65: 149–157PubMed
22.
Buist M, Bernard S, Nguyen TV, Moore G, Anderson J (2004) Association between clinically abnormal observations and subsequent in-hospital mortality: a prospective study. Resuscitation 62: 137–141PubMed
23.
Goldhill DR, Worthington L, Mulcahy A, Tarling M, Sumner A (1999) The patient-at-risk team: identifying and managing seriously ill ward patients. Anaesthesia 54: 853–860PubMed
24.
Hodgetts TJ, Kenward G, Vlachonikolis IG, Payne S, Castle N (2002) The identification of risk factors for cardiac arrest and formulation of activation criteria to alert a medical emergency team. Resuscitation 54: 125–131PubMed
25.
Subbe CP, Davies RG, Williams E, Rutherford P, Gemmell L (2003) Effect of introducing the Modified Early Warning score on clinical outcomes, cardio-pulmonary arrests and intensive care utilisation in acute medical admissions. Anaesthesia 58: 797–802PubMed
26.
Lee A, Bishop G, Hillman KM, Daffurn K (1995) The Medical Emergency Team. Anaesth Intensive Care 23: 183–186PubMed
27.
Cuthbertson BH (2003) Outreach critical care — cash for no questions? Br J Anaesth 90: 4–6PubMed
28.
Parr M (2004) Critical care outreach: some answers, more questions. Intensive Care Med 30: 1261–1262PubMed
29.
Goldhill DR, McNarry AF (2004) Physiological abnormalities in early warning scores are related to mortality in adult inpatients. Br J Anaesth 92: 882–884PubMed
30.
Subbe CP, Williams EM, Gemmell LW (2005) Are medical emergency teams picking up enough patients with increased respiratory rate? Crit Care Med 32: 1983–1984
31.
McBride J, Knight D, Piper J, Smith GB (2005) Long-term effect of introducing an early warning score on respiratory rate charting on general wards. Resuscitation 65: 41–44PubMed
32.
Carberry M (2002) Implementing the modified early warning system: our experiences. Nurs Crit Care 7: 220–226PubMed
33.
Sandroni C, Ferro G, Santangelo S et al. (2004) In-hospital cardiac arrest: survival depends mainly on the effectiveness of the emergency response. Resuscitation 62: 291–297PubMed
34.
Soar J, McKay U (1998) A revised role for the hospital cardiac arrest team? Resuscitation 38: 145–149PubMed
35.
Bellomo R, Goldsmith D, Uchino S et al. (2003) A prospective before-and-after trial of a medical emergency team. Med J Aust 179: 283–287PubMed
36.
Buist MD, Moore GE, Bernard SA, Waxman BP, Anderson JN, Nguyen TV (2002) Effects of a medical emergency team on reduction of incidence of and mortality from unexpected cardiac arrests in hospital: preliminary study. BMJ 324: 387–390PubMedPubMedCentral
37.
Parr MJ, Hadfield JH, Flabouris A, Bishop G, Hillman K (2001) The Medical Emergency Team: 12 month analysis of reasons for activation, immediate outcome and not-for-resuscitation orders. Resuscitation 50: 39–44PubMed
38.
Bellomo R, Goldsmith D, Uchino S et al. (2004) Prospective controlled trial of effect of medical emergency team on postoperative morbidity and mortality rates. Crit Care Med 32: 916–921PubMed
39.
Kenward G, Castle N, Hodgetts T, Shaikh L (2004) Evaluation of a medical emergency team one year after implementation. Resuscitation 61: 257–263PubMed
40.
Jones D, Bates S, Warrillow S et al. (2005) Circadian pattern of activation of the medical emergency team in a teaching hospital. Crit Care 9: 303–306
41.
The MERIT study investigators. Introduction of the medical emergency team (MET) system: a cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet 365: 2091–2097
42.
Department of Health and National Health Service Modernisation Agency (2003) Critical care outreach 2003: progress in developing services. The National Outreach Report 2003. Department of Health and National Health Service Modernisation Agency, London
43.
Ball C, Kirkby M, Williams S (2003) Effect of the critical care outreach team on patient survival to discharge from hospital and readmission to critical care: non-randomised population based study. BMJ 327: 1014PubMedPubMedCentral
44.
Priestley G, Watson W, Rashidian A et al. (2004) Introducing Critical Care Outreach: a ward-randomised trial of phased introduction in a general hospital. Intensive Care Med 30: 1398–1404PubMed
45.
Story DA, Shelton AC, Poustie SJ, Colin-Thome NJ, McNicol PL (2004) The effect of critical care outreach on postoperative serious adverse events. Anaesthesia 59: 762–766PubMed
46.
Szalados JE (2004) Critical care teams managing floor patients: the continuing evolution of hospitals into intensive care units? Crit Care Med 32: 1071–1072PubMed
47.
Cooke MW, Higgins J, Kidd P (2003) Use of emergency observation and assessment wards: a systematic literature review. Emerg Med J 20: 138–142PubMedPubMedCentral
48.
Rivers E, Nguyen B, Havstad S et al. (2001) Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. N Engl J Med 345: 1368–1377PubMed
49.
Leeson-Payne CG, Aitkenhead AR (1995) A prospective study to assess the demand for a high dependency unit. Anaesthesia 50: 383–387PubMed
50.
European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (1994) Guidelines for the utilisation of intensive care units. Intensive Care Med 20: 163–164
51.
Haupt MT, Bekes CE, Brilli RJ et al. (2003) Guidelines on critical care services and personnel: Recommendations based on a system of categorization of three levels of care. Crit Care Med 31: 2677–2683PubMed
52.
Hillson SD, Rich EC, Dowd B, Luxenberg MG (1992) Call nights and patients care: effects on inpatients at one teaching hospital. J Gen Intern Med 7: 405–410PubMed
53.
Bell CM, Redelmeier DA (2001) Mortality among patients admitted to hospitals on weekends as compared with weekdays. N Engl J Med 345: 663–668PubMed
54.
Beck DH, McQuillan P, Smith GB (2002) Waiting for the break of dawn? The effects of discharge time, discharge TISS scores and discharge facility on hospital mortality after intensive care. Intensive Care Med 28: 1287–1293PubMed
55.
Needleman J, Buerhaus P, Mattke S, Stewart M, Zelevinsky K (2002) Nurse–staffing levels and the quality of care in hospitals. N Engl J Med 346: 1715–1722PubMed
56.
Baskett PJ, Lim A (2004) The varying ethical attitudes towards resuscitation in Europe. Resuscitation 62: 267–273PubMed
57.
Gabbott D, Smith G, Mitchell S et al. (2005) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation standards for clinical practice and training in the UK. Resuscitation 64: 13–19PubMed
58.
Bristow PJ, Hillman KM, Chey T et al. (2000) Rates of in-hospital arrests, deaths and intensive care admissions: the effect of a medical emergency team. Med J Aust 173: 236–240PubMed
59.
Eberle B, Dick WF, Schneider T, Wisser G, Doetsch S, Tzanova I (1996) Checking the carotid pulse check: diagnostic accuracy of first responders in patients with and without a pulse. Resuscitation 33: 107–116PubMed
60.
Ruppert M, Reith MW, Widmann JH et al. (1999) Checking for breathing: evaluation of the diagnostic capability of emergency medical services personnel, physicians, medical students, and medical laypersons. Ann Emerg Med 34: 720–729PubMed
61.
Abella BS, Alvarado JP, Myklebust H et al. (2005) Quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation during in-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA 293: 305–310PubMed
62.
Abella BS, Sandbo N, Vassilatos P et al. (2005) Chest compression rates during cardiopulmonary resuscitation are suboptimal: a prospective study during in-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation 111: 428–434PubMed
63.
Perkins GD, Roberts C, Gao F (2002) Delays in defibrillation: influence of different monitoring techniques. Br J Anaesth 89: 405–408PubMed
64.
Soar J, Perkins GD, Harris S, Nolan JP (2003) The immediate life support course. Resuscitation 57: 21–26PubMed
65.
Nolan J (2001) Advanced life support training. Resuscitation 50: 9–11PubMed
66.
Perkins G, Lockey A (2002) The advanced life support provider course. BMJ 325: 81
67.
Bayes de Luna A, Coumel P, Leclercq JF (1989) Ambulatory sudden cardiac death: mechanisms of production of fatal arrhythmia on the basis of data from 157 cases. Am Heart J 117: 151–159
68.
Rea TD, Shah S, Kudenchuk PJ, Copass MK, Cobb LA (2005) Automated external defibrillators: to what extent does the algorithm delay CPR? Ann Emerg Med 46: 132–141PubMed
69.
van Alem AP, Sanou BT, Koster RW (2003) Interruption of cardiopulmonary resuscitation with the use of the automated external defibrillator in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Ann Emerg Med 42: 449–457
70.
Hess EP, White RD (2005) Ventricular fibrillation is not provoked by chest compression during post-shock organized rhythms in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 66: 7–11PubMed
71.
Eftestol T, Wik L, Sunde K, Steen PA (2004) Effects of cardiopulmonary resuscitation on predictors of ventricular fibrillation defibrillation success during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation 110: 10–15PubMed
72.
Eftestol T, Sunde K, Aase SO, Husoy JH, Steen PA (2000) Predicting outcome of defibrillation by spectral characterization and nonparametric classification of ventricular fibrillation in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation 102: 1523–1529PubMed
73.
Eftestol T, Sunde K, Steen PA (2002) Effects of interrupting precordial compressions on the calculated probability of defibrillation success during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation 105: 2270–2273PubMed
74.
Caldwell G, Millar G, Quinn E (1985) Simple mechanical methods for cardioversion: Defence of the precordial thump and cough version. Br Med J 291: 627–630
75.
Kohl P, King AM, Boulin C (2005) Antiarrhythmic effects of acute mechanical stiumulation. In: Kohl P, Sachs F, Franz MR (eds) Cardiac mechano-electric feedback and arrhythmias: form pipette to patient. Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 304–314
76.
Krijne R (1984) Rate acceleration of ventricular tachycardia after a precordial chest thump. Am J Cardiol 53: 964–965PubMed
77.
Emerman CL, Pinchak AC, Hancock D, Hagen JF (1988) Effect of injection site on circulation times during cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med 16: 1138–1141PubMed
78.
Glaeser PW, Hellmich TR, Szewczuga D, Losek JD, Smith DS (1993) Five–year experience in prehospital intraosseous infusions in children and adults. Ann Emerg Med 22: 1119–1124PubMed
79.
Schuttler J, Bartsch A, Ebeling BJ et al. (1987) Endobronchial administration of adrenaline in preclinical cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Anasth Intensivther Notfallmed 22: 63–68PubMed
80.
Hornchen U, Schuttler J, Stoeckel H, Eichelkraut W, Hahn N (1987) Endobronchial instillation of epinephrine during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Crit Care Med 15: 1037–1039PubMed
81.
Vaknin Z, Manisterski Y, Ben-Abraham R et al. (2001) Is endotracheal adrenaline deleterious because of the beta adrenergic effect? Anesth Analg 92: 1408–1412PubMed
82.
Manisterski Y, Vaknin Z, Ben-Abraham R et al. (2002) Endotracheal epinephrine: a call for larger doses. Anesth Analg 95: 1037–1041PubMed
83.
Efrati O, Ben-Abraham R, Barak A et al. (2003) Endobronchial adrenaline: should it be reconsidered? Dose response and haemodynamic effect in dogs. Resuscitation 59: 117–122PubMed
84.
Elizur A, Ben-Abraham R, Manisterski Y et al. (2003) Tracheal epinephrine or norepinephrine preceded by beta blockade in a dog model. Can beta blockade bestow any benefits? Resuscitation 59: 271–276PubMed
85.
Naganobu K, Hasebe Y, Uchiyama Y, Hagio M, Ogawa H (2000) A comparison of distilled water and normal saline as diluents for endobronchial administration of epinephrine in the dog. Anesth Analg 91: 317–321PubMed
86.
Eftestol T, Wik L, Sunde K, Steen PA (2004) Effects of cardiopulmonary resuscitation on predictors of ventricular fibrillation defibrillation success during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation 110: 10—15PubMed
87.
Berg RA, Hilwig RW, Kern KB, Ewy GA (2002) Precountershock cardiopulmonary resuscitation improves ventricular fibrillation median frequency and myocardial readiness for successful defibrillation from prolonged ventricular fibrillation: a randomized, controlled swine study. Ann Emerg Med 40: 563–570PubMed
88.
Achleitner U, Wenzel V, Strohmenger HU et al. (2001) The beneficial effect of basic life support on ventricular fibrillation mean frequency and coronary perfusion pressure. Resuscitation 51: 151–158PubMed
89.
Kudenchuk PJ, Cobb LA, Copass MK et al. (1999) Amiodarone for resuscitation after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation. N Engl J Med 341: 871–878PubMed
90.
Dorian P, Cass D, Schwartz B, Cooper R, Gelaznikas R, Barr A (2002) Amiodarone as compared with lidocaine for shock-resistant ventricular fibrillation. N Engl J Med 346: 884–890PubMed
91.
Thel MC, Armstrong AL, McNulty SE, Califf RM, O’Connor CM (1997) Randomised trial of magnesium in in-hospital cardiac arrest. Lancet 350: 1272–1276PubMed
92.
Allegra J, Lavery R, Cody R et al. (2001) Magnesium sulfate in the treatment of refractory ventricular fibrillation in the prehospital setting. Resuscitation 49: 245–249PubMed
93.
Fatovich D, Prentice D, Dobb G (1998) Magnesium in in-hospital cardiac arrest. Lancet 351: 446PubMed
94.
Hassan TB, Jagger C, Barnett DB (2002) A randomised trial to investigate the efficacy of magnesium sulphate for refractory ventricular fibrillation. Emerg Med J 19: 57–62PubMedPubMedCentral
95.
Miller B, Craddock L, Hoffenberg S et al. (1995) Pilot study of intravenous magnesium sulfate in refractory cardiac arrest: safety data and recommendations for future studies. Resuscitation 30: 3–14PubMed
96.
Weil MH, Rackow EC, Trevino R, Grundler W, Falk JL, Griffel MI (1986) Difference in acid-base state between venous and arterial blood during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. N Engl J Med 315: 153–156PubMed
97.
Bottiger BW, Bode C, Kern S et al. (2001) Efficacy and safety of thrombolytic therapy after initially unsuccessful cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a prospective clinical trial. Lancet 357: 1583–1585PubMed
98.
Boidin MP (1985) Airway patency in the unconscious patient. Br J Anaesth 57: 306–310PubMed
99.
Nandi PR, Charlesworth CH, Taylor SJ, Nunn JF, Dore CJ (1991) Effect of general anaesthesia on the pharynx. Br J Anaesth 66: 157–162PubMed
100.
Guildner CW (1076) Resuscitation: opening the airway. A comparative study of techniques for opening an airway obstructed by the tongue. JACEP 5: 588–589
101.
Safar P, Aguto-Escarraga L (1959) Compliance in apneic anesthetized adults. Anesthesiology 20: 283–289PubMed
102.
Greene DG, Elam JO, Dobkin AB, Studley CL (1961) Cinefluorographic study of hyperextension of the neck and upper airway patency. Jama 176: 570–573PubMed
103.
Morikawa S, Safar P, Decarlo J (1961) Influence of the headjaw position upon upper airway patency. Anesthesiology 22: 265–270PubMed
104.
Ruben HM, Elam JO, Ruben AM, Greene DG (1961) Investigation of upper airway problems in resuscitation, 1: studies of pharyngeal x-rays and performance by laymen. Anesthesiology 22: 271–279PubMed
105.
Elam JO, Greene DG, Schneider MA et al. (1960) Head-tilt method of oral resuscitation. JAMA 172: 812–815
106.
Aprahamian C, Thompson BM, Finger WA, Darin JC (1984) Experimental cervical spine injury model: evaluation of airway management and splinting techniques. Ann Emerg Med 13: 584–587PubMed
107.
Donaldson WF, 3rd, Heil BV, Donaldson VP, Silvaggio VJ (1997) The effect of airway maneuvers on the unstable C1–C2 segment. A cadaver study. Spine 22: 1215–1218PubMed
108.
Donaldson WF, 3rd, Towers JD, Doctor A, Brand A, Donaldson VP (1993) A methodology to evaluate motion of the unstable spine during intubation techniques. Spine 18: 2020–2023PubMed
109.
Hauswald M, Sklar DP, Tandberg D, Garcia JF (1991) Cervical spine movement during airway management: cinefluoroscopic appraisal in human cadavers. Am J Emerg Med 9: 535–538PubMed
110.
Brimacombe J, Keller C, Kunzel KH, Gaber O, Boehler M, Puhringer F (2000) Cervical spine motion during airway management: a cinefluoroscopic study of the posteriorly destabilized third cervical vertebrae in human cadavers. Anesth Analg 91: 1274–1278PubMed
111.
Majernick TG, Bieniek R, Houston JB, Hughes HG (1986) Cervical spine movement during orotracheal intubation. Ann Emerg Med 15: 417–420PubMed
112.
Lennarson PJ, Smith DW, Sawin PD, Todd MM, Sato Y, Traynelis VC (2001) Cervical spinal motion during intubation: efficacy of stabilization maneuvers in the setting of complete segmental instability. J Neurosurg Spine 94: 265–270
113.
Marsh AM, Nunn JF, Taylor SJ, Charlesworth CH (1991) Airway obstruction associated with the use of the Guedel airway. Br J Anaesth 67: 517–523PubMed
114.
Schade K, Borzotta A, Michaels A (2000) Intracranial malposition of nasopharyngeal airway. J Trauma 49: 967–968PubMed
115.
Muzzi DA, Losasso TJ, Cucchiara RF (1991) Complication from a nasopharyngeal airway in a patient with a basilar skull fracture. Anesthesiology 74: 366–368PubMed
116.
Roberts K, Porter K (2003) How do you size a nasopharyngeal airway. Resuscitation 56: 19–23PubMed
117.
Stoneham MD (1993) The nasopharyngeal airway. Assessment of position by fibreoptic laryngoscopy. Anaesthesia 48: 575–580PubMed
118.
Moser DK, Dracup K, Doering LV (1999) Effect of cardiopulmonary resuscitation training for parents of high-risk neonates on perceived anxiety, control, and burden. Heart Lung 28: 326–333PubMed
119.
Kandakai T, King K (1999) Perceived self-efficacy in performing lifesaving skills: an assessment of the American Red Cross’s Responding to Emergencies course. J Health Educ 30: 235–241
120.
Lester CA, Donnelly PD, Assar D (2000) Lay CPR trainees: retraining, confidence and willingness to attempt resuscitation 4 years after training. Resuscitation 45: 77–82PubMed
121.
Pane GA, Salness KA (1987) A survey of participants in a mass CPR training course. Ann Emerg Med 16: 1112–1116PubMed
122.
Heilman KM, Muschenheim C (1965) Primary cutaneous tuberculosis resulting from mouth-to-mouth respiration. N Engl J Med 273: 1035–1036PubMed
123.
Christian MD, Loutfy M, McDonald LC et al. (2004) Possible SARS coronavirus transmission during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Emerg Infect Dis 10: 287–293PubMedPubMedCentral
124.
Alexander R, Hodgson P, Lomax D, Bullen C (1998) A comparison of the laryngeal mask airway and Guedel airway, bag and face mask for manual ventilation following formal training. Anaesthesia 48: 231–234
125.
Dorges V, Sauer C, Ocker H, Wenzel V, Schmucker P (1999) Smaller tidal volumes during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: comparison of adult and paediatric self-inflatable bags with three different ventilatory devices. Resuscitation 43: 31–37
126.
Ocker H, Wenzel V, Schmucker P, Dorges V (2001) Effectiveness of various airway management techniques in a bench model simulating a cardiac arrest patient. J Emerg Med 20: 7–12PubMed
127.
Stone BJ, Chantler PJ, Baskett PJ (1998) The incidence of regurgitation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a comparison between the bag valve mask and laryngeal mask airway. Resuscitation 38: 3–6PubMed
128.
Hartsilver EL, Vanner RG (2000) Airway obstruction with cricoid pressure. Anaesthesia 55: 208–211PubMed
129.
Aufderheide TP, Sigurdsson G, Pirrallo RG et al. (2004) Hyperventilation-induced hypotension during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Circulation 109: 1960–1965PubMed
130.
Stallinger A, Wenzel V, Wagner–Berger H et al. (2002) Effects of decreasing inspiratory flow rate during simulated basic life support ventilation of a cardiac arrest patient on lung and stomach tidal volumes. Resuscitation 54: 167–173PubMed
131.
Noordergraaf GJ, van Dun PJ, Kramer BP et al. (2004) Can first responders achieve and maintain normocapnia when sequentially ventilating with a bag-valve device and two oxygen-driven resuscitators? A controlled clinical trial in 104 patients. Eur J Anaesthesiol 21: 367–372PubMed
132.
Jones JH, Murphy MP, Dickson RL, Somerville GG, Brizendine EJ (2004) Emergency physician-verified out-of-hospital intubation: miss rates by paramedics. Acad Emerg Med 11: 707–709PubMed
133.
Pelucio M, Halligan L, Dhindsa H (1991) Out-of-hospital experience with the syringe esophageal detector device. Acad Emerg Med 4: 563–568
134.
Sayre MR, Sakles JC, Mistler AF, Evans JL, Kramer AT, Pancioli AM (1998) Field trial of endotracheal intubation by basic EMTs. Ann Emerg Med 31: 228–233PubMed
135.
Katz SH, Falk JL (2001) Misplaced endotracheal tubes by paramedics in an urban emergency medical services system. Ann Emerg Med 37: 32–37PubMed
136.
Nolan JP (2001) Prehospital and resuscitative airway care: should the gold standard be reassessed? Curr Opin Crit Care 7: 413–421PubMed
137.
Davies PR, Tighe SQ, Greenslade GL, Evans GH (1990) Laryngeal mask airway and tracheal tube insertion by unskilled personnel. Lancet 336: 977–979PubMed
138.
Flaishon R, Sotman A, Ben-Abraham R, Rudick V, Varssano D, Weinbroum AA (2004) Antichemical protective gear prolongs time to successful airway management: a randomized, crossover study in humans. Anesthesiology 100: 260–266PubMed
139.
Ho BY, Skinner HJ, Mahajan RP (1998) Gastro-oesophageal reflux during day case gynaecological laparoscopy under positive pressure ventilation: laryngeal mask vs. tracheal intubation. Anaesthesia 53: 921–924PubMed
140.
Reinhart DJ, Simmons G (1994) Comparison of placement of the laryngeal mask airway with endotracheal tube by paramedics and respiratory therapists. Ann Emerg Med 24: 260–263PubMed
141.
Rewari W, Kaul HL (1999) Regurgitation and aspiration during gynaecological laparoscopy: Comparison between laryngeal mask airway and tracheal intubation. J Anaesth Clin Pharmacol 15: 67–70
142.
Pennant JH, Walker MB (1992) Comparison of the endotracheal tube and laryngeal mask in airway management by paramedical personnel. Anesth Analg 74: 531–534PubMed
143.
Maltby JR, Beriault MT, Watson NC, Liepert DJ, Fick GH (2003) LMA-Classic and LMA-ProSeal are effective alternatives to endotracheal intubation for gynecologic laparoscopy. Can J Anaesth 50: 71–77PubMed
144.
Rumball CJ, MacDonald D (1997) The PTL, Combitube, laryngeal mask, and oral airway: a randomized prehospital comparative study of ventilatory device effectiveness and cost-effectiveness in 470 cases of cardiorespiratory arrest. Prehosp Emerg Care 1: 1–10PubMed
145.
Verghese C, Prior-Willeard PF, Baskett PJ (1994) Immediate management of the airway during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a hospital without a resident anaesthesiologist. Eur J Emerg Med 1: 123–125PubMed
146.
Tanigawa K, Shigematsu A (1998) Choice of airway devices for 12,020 cases of nontraumatic cardiac arrest in Japan. Prehosp Emerg Care 2: 96–100PubMed
147.
Michael TAD, Lambert EH, Mehran A (1994) The use of the laryngeal mask airway by nurses during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: results of a multicentre trial. Anaesthesia 49: 3–7
148.
Grantham H, Phillips G, Gilligan JE (1994) The laryngeal mask in prehospital emergency care. Emerg Med 6: 193–197
149.
Kokkinis K (1994) The use of the laryngeal mask airway in CPR. Resuscitation 27: 9–12PubMed
150.
Leach A, Alexander CA, Stone B (1993) The laryngeal mask in cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a district general hospital: a preliminary communication. Resuscitation 25: 245–248PubMed
151.
Staudinger T, Brugger S, Watschinger B et al. (1993) Emergency intubation with the Combitube: comparison with the endotracheal airway. Ann Emerg Med 22: 1573–1575PubMed
152.
Lefrancois DP, Dufour DG (2002) Use of the esophageal tracheal combitube by basic emergency medical technicians. Resuscitation 52: 77–83PubMed
153.
Ochs M, Vilke GM, Chan TC, Moats T, Buchanan J (2000) Successful prehospital airway management by EMT-Ds using the combitube. Prehosp Emerg Care 4: 333–337PubMed
154.
Vezina D, Lessard MR, Bussieres J, Topping C, Trepanier CA (1998) Complications associated with the use of the Esophageal-Tracheal Combitube. Can J Anaesth 45: 76–80PubMed
155.
Richards CF (1998) Piriform sinus perforation during Esophageal-Tracheal Combitube placement. J Emerg Med 16: 37–39PubMed
156.
Rumball C, Macdonald D, Barber P, Wong H, Smecher C (2004) Endotracheal intubation and esophageal tracheal Combitube insertion by regular ambulance attendants: a comparative trial. Prehosp Emerg Care 8: 15–22PubMed
157.
Rabitsch W, Schellongowski P, Staudinger T et al. (2003) Comparison of a conventional tracheal airway with the Combitube in an urban emergency medical services system run by physicians. Resuscitation 57: 27–32PubMed
158.
Cook TM, McCormick B, Asai T (2003) Randomized comparison of laryngeal tube with classic laryngeal mask airway for anaesthesia with controlled ventilation. Br J Anaesth 91: 373–378PubMed
159.
Cook TM, McKinstry C, Hardy R, Twigg S (2003) Randomized crossover comparison of the ProSeal laryngeal mask airway with the Laryngeal Tube during anaesthesia with controlled ventilation. Br J Anaesth 91: 678–683PubMed
160.
Asai T, Kawachi S (2004) Use of the laryngeal tube by paramedic staff. Anaesthesia 59: 408–409PubMed
161.
Asai T, Moriyama S, Nishita Y, Kawachi S (2003) Use of the laryngeal tube during cardiopulmonary resuscitation by paramedical staff. Anaesthesia 58: 393–394PubMed
162.
Genzwuerker HV, Dhonau S, Ellinger K (2002) Use of the laryngeal tube for out-of-hospital resuscitation. Resuscitation 52: 221–224PubMed
163.
Kette F, Reffo I, Giordani G et al. (2005) The use of laryngeal tube by nurses in out-of-hospital emergencies: Preliminary experience. Resuscitation 66: 21–25PubMed
164.
Cook TM, Nolan JP, Verghese C et al. (2002) Randomized crossover comparison of the proseal with the classic laryngeal mask airway in unparalysed anaesthetized patients. Br J Anaesth 88: 527–533PubMed
165.
Cook TM, Lee G, Nolan JP (2005) The ProSealTM laryngeal mask airway: a review of the literature. Can J Anaesth 52: 739–760PubMed
166.
Cook TM, Gupta K, Gabbott DA, Nolan JP (2001) An evaluation of the Airway Management Device. Anaesthesia 56: 660–664PubMed
167.
Chiu CL, Wang CY (2004) An evaluation of the modified Airway Management Device. Anaesth Intensive Care 32: 77–80PubMed
168.
Cook TM, McCormick B, Gupta K, Hersch P, Simpson T (2003) An evaluation of the PA(Xpress) pharyngeal airway — a new single use airway device. Resuscitation 58: 139–143PubMed
169.
Burgoyne L, Cyna A (2001) Laryngeal mask vs intubating laryngeal mask: insertion and ventilation by inexperienced resuscitators. Anaesth Intensive Care 29: 604–608PubMed
170.
Choyce A, Avidan MS, Shariff A, Del Aguila M, Radcliffe JJ, Chan T (2001) A comparison of the intubating and standard laryngeal mask airways for airway management by inexperienced personnel. Anaesthesia 56: 357–360PubMed
171.
Baskett PJ, Parr MJ, Nolan JP (1998) The intubating laryngeal mask. Results of a multicentre trial with experience of 500 cases. Anaesthesia 53: 1174–1179PubMed
172.
Gausche M, Lewis RJ, Stratton SJ et al. (2000) Effect of out-of-hospital pediatric endotracheal intubation on survival and neurological outcome: a controlled clinical trial. JAMA 283: 783–790PubMed
173.
Guly UM, Mitchell RG, Cook R, Steedman DJ, Robertson CE (1995) Paramedics and technicians are equally successful at managing cardiac arrest outside hospital. BMJ 310: 1091–1094PubMedPubMedCentral
174.
Stiell IG, Wells GA, Field B et al. (2004) Advanced cardiac life support in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 351: 647–656PubMed
175.
Garza AG, Gratton MC, Coontz D, Noble E, Ma OJ (2003) Effect of paramedic experience on orotracheal intubation success rates. J Emerg Med 25: 251–256PubMed
176.
Li J (2001) Capnography alone is imperfect for endotracheal tube placement confirmation during emergency intubation. J Emerg Med 20: 223–229PubMed
177.
Tanigawa K, Takeda T, Goto E, Tanaka K (2000) Accuracy and reliability of the self-inflating bulb to verify tracheal intubation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients. Anesthesiology 93: 1432–1436PubMed
178.
Takeda T, Tanigawa K, Tanaka H, Hayashi Y, Goto E, Tanaka K (2003) The assessment of three methods to verify tracheal tube placement in the emergency setting. Resuscitation 56: 153–157PubMed
179.
Baraka A, Khoury PJ, Siddik SS, Salem MR, Joseph NJ (1997) Efficacy of the self-inflating bulb in differentiating esophageal from tracheal intubation in the parturient undergoing cesarean section. Anesth Analg 84: 533–537PubMed
180.
Davis DP, Stephen KA, Vilke GM (1999) Inaccuracy in endotracheal tube verification using a Toomey syringe. J Emerg Med 17: 35–38PubMed
181.
Grmec S (2002) Comparison of three different methods to confirm tracheal tube placement in emergency intubation. Intensive Care Med 28: 701–704PubMed
182.
American Heart Association in collaboration with International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (2000) Guidelines 2000 for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care: International Consensus on Science, Part 6: Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support: Section 6: Pharmacology II: Agents to Optimize Cardiac Output and Blood Pressure. Circulation 102(Suppl I): 1129–1135
183.
Lindner KH, Strohmenger HU, Ensinger H, Hetzel WD, Ahnefeld FW, Georgieff M (1992) Stress hormone response during and after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Anesthesiology 77: 662–668PubMed
184.
Lindner KH, Haak T, Keller A, Bothner U, Lurie KG (1996) Release of endogenous vasopressors during and after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Heart 75: 145–150PubMedPubMedCentral
185.
Morris DC, Dereczyk BE, Grzybowski M et al. (1997) Vasopressin can increase coronary perfusion pressure during human cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Acad Emerg Med 4: 878–883PubMed
186.
Lindner KH, Prengel AW, Brinkmann A, Strohmenger HU, Lindner IM, Lurie KG (1996) Vasopressin administration in refractory cardiac arrest. Ann Intern Med 124: 1061–1064PubMed
187.
Lindner KH, Brinkmann A, Pfenninger EG, Lurie KG, Goertz A, Lindner IM (1993) Effect of vasopressin on hemodynamic variables, organ blood flow, and acid-base status in a pig model of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Anesth Analg 77: 427–435PubMed
188.
Lindner KH, Prengel AW, Pfenninger EG et al. (1995) Vasopressin improves vital organ blood flow during closed-chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation in pigs. Circulation 91: 215–221PubMed
189.
Wenzel V, Lindner KH, Prengel AW et al. (1999) Vasopressin improves vital organ blood flow after prolonged cardiac arrest with postcountershock pulseless electrical activity in pigs. Crit Care Med 27: 486–492PubMed
190.
Voelckel WG, Lurie KG, McKnite S et al. (2000) Comparison of epinephrine and vasopressin in a pediatric porcine model of asphyxial cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med 28: 3777–3783PubMed
191.
Babar SI, Berg RA, Hilwig RW, Kern KB, Ewy GA (1999) Vasopressin versus epinephrine during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a randomized swine outcome study. Resuscitation 41: 185–192PubMed
192.
Lindner KH, Dirks B, Strohmenger HU, Prengel AW, Lindner IM, Lurie KG (1997) Randomised comparison of epinephrine and vasopressin in patients with out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation. Lancet 349: 535–537PubMed
193.
Stiell IG, Hebert PC, Wells GA et al. (2001) Vasopressin versus epinephrine for inhospital cardiac arrest: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 358: 105–109PubMed
194.
Wenzel V, Krismer AC, Arntz HR, Sitter H, Stadlbauer KH, Lindner KH (2004) A comparison of vasopressin and epinephrine for out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation. N Engl J Med 350: 105–113PubMed
195.
Aung K, Htay T (2005) Vasopressin for cardiac arrest: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med 165: 17–24PubMed
196.
Callaham M, Madsen C, Barton C, Saunders C, Daley M, Pointer J (1992) A randomized clinical trial of high-dose epinephrine and norepinephrine versus standard–dose epinephrine in prehospital cardiac arrest. JAMA 268: 2667–2672PubMed
197.
Masini E, Planchenault J, Pezziardi F, Gautier P, Gagnol JP (1985) Histamine-releasing properties of Polysorbate 80 in vitro and in vivo: correlation with its hypotensive action in the dog. Agents Actions 16: 470–477PubMed
198.
Somberg JC, Bailin SJ, Haffajee CI et al. (2002) Intravenous lidocaine versus intravenous amiodarone (in a new aqueous formulation) for incessant ventricular tachycardia. Am J Cardiol 90: 853–859PubMed
199.
Somberg JC, Timar S, Bailin SJ et al. (2004) Lack of a hypotensive effect with rapid administration of a new aqueous formulation of intravenous amiodarone. Am J Cardiol 93: 576–581PubMed
200.
Skrifvars MB, Kuisma M, Boyd J et al. (2004) The use of undiluted amiodarone in the management of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 48: 582–587PubMed
201.
Petrovic T, Adnet F, Lapandry C (1998) Successful resuscitation of ventricular fibrillation after low-dose amiodarone. Ann Emerg Med 32: 518–519PubMed
202.
Levine JH, Massumi A, Scheinman MM et al. (1996) Intravenous amiodarone for recurrent sustained hypotensive ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Intravenous Amiodarone Multicenter Trial Group. J Am Coll Cardiol 27: 67–75PubMed
203.
Matsusaka T, Hasebe N, Jin YT, Kawabe J, Kikuchi K (2002) Magnesium reduces myocardial infarct size via enhancement of adenosine mechanism in rabbits. Cardiovasc Res 54: 568–575PubMed
204.
Longstreth WT Jr, Fahrenbruch CE, Olsufka M, Walsh TR, Copass MK, Cobb LA (2002) Randomized clinical trial of magnesium, diazepam, or both after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Neurology 59: 506–514PubMed
205.
Baraka A, Ayoub C, Kawkabani N (2000) Magnesium therapy for refractory ventricular fibrillation. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 14: 196–199PubMed
206.
Stiell IG, Wells GA, Hebert PC, Laupacis A, Weitzman BN (1995) Association of drug therapy with survival in cardiac arrest: limited role of advanced cardiac life support drugs. Acad Emerg Med 2: 264–273PubMed
207.
Engdahl J, Bang A, Lindqvist J, Herlitz J (2000) Can we define patients with no and those with some chance of survival when found in asystole out of hospital? Am J Cardiol 86: 610–614PubMed
208.
Engdahl J, Bang A, Lindqvist J, Herlitz J (2001) Factors affecting short- and long-term prognosis among 1069 patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and pulseless electrical activity. Resuscitation 51: 17–25PubMed
209.
Dumot JA, Burval DJ, Sprung J et al. (2001) Outcome of adult cardiopulmonary resuscitations at a tertiary referral center including results of „limited“ resuscitations. Arch Intern Med 161: 1751–1758PubMed
210.
Tortolani AJ, Risucci DA, Powell SR, Dixon R (1989) In-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation during asystole. Therapeutic factors associated with 24-hour survival. Chest 96: 622–626PubMed
211.
Viskin S, Belhassen B, Roth A et al. (1993) Aminophylline for bradyasystolic cardiac arrest refractory to atropine and epinephrine. Ann Intern Med 118: 279–281PubMed
212.
Mader TJ, Gibson P (1997) Adenosine receptor antagonism in refractory asystolic cardiac arrest: results of a human pilot study. Resuscitation 35: 3–7PubMed
213.
Mader TJ, Smithline HA, Gibson P (1999) Aminophylline in undifferentiated out-of-hospital asystolic cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 41: 39–45PubMed
214.
Mader TJ, Smithline HA, Durkin L, Scriver G (2003) A randomized controlled trial of intravenous aminophylline for atropine-resistant out-of-hospital asystolic cardiac arrest. Acad Emerg Med 10: 192–197PubMed
215.
Dybvik T, Strand T, Steen PA (1995) Buffer therapy during out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 29: 89–95PubMed
216.
Aufderheide TP, Martin DR, Olson DW et al. (1992) Prehospital bicarbonate use in cardiac arrest: a 3-year experience. Am J Emerg Med 10: 4–7PubMed
217.
Delooz H, Lewi PJ (1989) Are inter-center differences in EMS-management and sodium-bicarbonate administration important for the outcome of CPR? The Cerebral Resuscitation Study Group. Resuscitation 17(Suppl): 199–206
218.
Roberts D, Landolfo K, Light R, Dobson K (1990) Early predictors of mortality for hospitalized patients suffering cardiopulmonary arrest. Chest 97: 413–419PubMed
219.
Suljaga-Pechtel K, Goldberg E, Strickon P, Berger M, Skovron ML (1984) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a hospitalized population: prospective study of factors associated with outcome. Resuscitation 12: 77–95PubMed
220.
Weil MH, Trevino RP, Rackow EC (1985) Sodium bicarbonate during CPR. Does it help or hinder? Chest 88: 487PubMed
221.
Bar-Joseph G, Abramson NS, Kelsey SF, Mashiach T, Craig MT, Safar P (2005) Improved resuscitation outcome in emergency medical systems with increased usage of sodium bicarbonate during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 49: 6–15PubMed
222.
Sandeman DJ, Alahakoon TI, Bentley SC (1997) Tricyclic poisoning — successful management of ventricular fibrillation following massive overdose of imipramine. Anaesth Intensive Care 25: 542–545PubMed
223.
Lin SR (1978) The effect of dextran and streptokinase on cerebral function and blood flow after cardiac arrest. An experimental study on the dog. Neuroradiology 16: 340–342PubMed
224.
Fischer M, Bottiger BW, Popov-Cenic S, Hossmann KA (1996) Thrombolysis using plasminogen activator and heparin reduces cerebral no-reflow after resuscitation from cardiac arrest: an experimental study in the cat. Intensive Care Med 22: 1214–1223PubMed
225.
Ruiz-Bailen M, Aguayo de Hoyos E, Serrano-Corcoles MC, Diaz-Castellanos MA, Ramos-Cuadra JA, Reina-Toral A (2001) Efficacy of thrombolysis in patients with acute myocardial infarction requiring cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Intensive Care Med 27: 1050–1057PubMed
226.
Lederer W, Lichtenberger C, Pechlaner C, Kroesen G, Baubin M (2001) Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in 108 patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 50: 71–76PubMed
227.
Tiffany PA, Schultz M, Stueven H (1998) Bolus thrombolytic infusions during CPR for patients with refractory arrest rhythms: outcome of a case series. Ann Emerg Med 31: 124–126PubMed
228.
Abu–Laban RB, Christenson JM, Innes GD et al. (2002) Tissue plasminogen activator in cardiac arrest with pulseless electrical activity. N Engl J Med 346: 1522–1528
229.
Janata K, Holzer M, Kurkciyan I et al. (2003) Major bleeding complications in cardiopulmonary resuscitation: the place of thrombolytic therapy in cardiac arrest due to massive pulmonary embolism. Resuscitation 57: 49–55PubMed
230.
Scholz KH, Hilmer T, Schuster S, Wojcik J, Kreuzer H, Tebbe U (1990) Thrombolysis in resuscitated patients with pulmonary embolism. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 115: 930–935PubMed
231.
Lederer W, Lichtenberger C, Pechlaner C, Kinzl J, Kroesen G, Baubin M (2004) Long-term survival and neurological outcome of patients who received recombinant tissue plasminogen activator during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 61: 123–129PubMed
232.
Gramann J, Lange-Braun P, Bodemann T, Hochrein H (1991) Der Einsatz von Thrombolytika in der Reanimation als Ultima ratio zur Überwindung des Herztodes. Intensiv- und Notfallbehandlung 16: 134–137
233.
Klefisch F (1995) Praklinische ultima-ratio thrombolyse bei therapierefraktarer kardiopulmonaler reanimation. Intensivmedizin 32: 155–162
234.
Ruiz-Bailen M, Aguayo-de-Hoyos E, Serrano-Corcoles MC et al. (2001) Thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in fulminant pulmonary embolism. A case series. Resuscitation 51: 97–101PubMed
235.
Böttiger BW, Martin E (2001) Thrombolytic therapy during cardiopulmonary resuscitation and the role of coagulation activation after cardiac arrest. Curr Opin Crit Care 7: 176–183
236.
Spöhr F, Böttiger BW (2003) Safety of thrombolysis during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Drug Saf 26: 367–379
237.
Langhelle A, Tyvold SS, Lexow K, Hapnes SA, Sunde K, Steen PA (2003) In-hospital factors associated with improved outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. A comparison between four regions in Norway. Resuscitation 56: 247–263PubMed
238.
Calle PA, Buylaert WA, Vanhaute OA (1989) Glycemia in the post-resuscitation period. The Cerebral Resuscitation Study Group. Resuscitation 17(Suppl): 181–188
239.
Longstreth WT Jr, Diehr P, Inui TS (1983) Prediction of awakening after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 308: 1378–1382PubMed
240.
Longstreth WT Jr, Inui TS (1984) High blood glucose level on hospital admission and poor neurological recovery after cardiac arrest. Ann Neurol 15: 59–63PubMed
241.
Longstreth WT Jr, Copass MK, Dennis LK, Rauch-Matthews ME, Stark MS, Cobb LA (1993) Intravenous glucose after out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest: a community-based randomized trial. Neurology 43: 2534–2541PubMed
242.
Mackenzie CF (1975) A review of 100 cases of cardiac arrest and the relation of potassium, glucose, and haemoglobin levels to survival. West Indian Med J 24: 39–45PubMed
243.
Mullner M, Sterz F, Binder M, Schreiber W, Deimel A, Laggner AN (1997) Blood glucose concentration after cardiopulmonary resuscitation influences functional neurological recovery in human cardiac arrest survivors. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 17: 430–436PubMed
244.
Skrifvars MB, Pettila V, Rosenberg PH, Castren M (2003) A multiple logistic regression analysis of in-hospital factors related to survival at six months in patients resuscitated from out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation. Resuscitation 59: 319–328PubMed
245.
Ditchey RV, Lindenfeld J (1984) Potential adverse effects of volume loading on perfusion of vital organs during closed-chest resuscitation. Circulation 69: 181–189PubMed
246.
Gentile NT, Martin GB, Appleton TJ, Moeggenberg J, Paradis NA, Nowak RM (1991) Effects of arterial and venous volume infusion on coronary perfusion pressures during canine CPR. Resuscitation 22: 55–63PubMed
247.
Jameson SJ, Mateer JR, DeBehnke DJ (1993) Early volume expansion during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 26: 243–250PubMed
248.
Voorhees WD, Ralston SH, Kougias C, Schmitz PM (1987) Fluid loading with whole blood or Ringer’s lactate solution during CPR in dogs. Resuscitation 15: 113–123PubMed
249.
Banerjee S, Singhi SC, Singh S, Singh M (1994) The intraosseous route is a suitable alternative to intravenous route for fluid resuscitation in severely dehydrated children. Indian Pediatr 31: 1511–1520PubMed
250.
Brickman KR, Krupp K, Rega P, Alexander J, Guinness M (1992) Typing and screening of blood from intraosseous access. Ann Emerg Med 21: 414–417PubMed
251.
Fiser RT, Walker WM, Seibert JJ, McCarthy R, Fiser DH (1997) Tibial length following intraosseous infusion: a prospective, radiographic analysis. Pediatr Emerg Care 13: 186–188PubMed
252.
Ummenhofer W, Frei FJ, Urwyler A, Drewe J (1994) Are laboratory values in bone marrow aspirate predictable for venous blood in paediatric patients? Resuscitation 27: 123–128PubMed
253.
Guy J, Haley K, Zuspan SJ (1993) Use of intraosseous infusion in the pediatric trauma patient. J Pediatr Surg 28: 158–161PubMed
254.
Macnab A, Christenson J, Findlay J et al. (2000) A new system for sternal intraosseous infusion in adults. Prehosp Emerg Care 4: 173–177PubMed
255.
Ellemunter H, Simma B, Trawoger R, Maurer H (1999) Intraosseous lines in preterm and full term neonates. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 80: 74–75
256.
Prengel AW, Lindner KH, Hahnel JH, Georgieff M (1993) Pharmacokinetics and technique of endotracheal and deep endobronchial lidocaine administration. Anesth Analg 77: 985–989PubMed
257.
Prengel AW, Rembecki M, Wenzel V, Steinbach G (2001) A comparison of the endotracheal tube and the laryngeal mask airway as a route for endobronchial lidocaine administration. Anesth Analg 92: 1505–1509PubMed
258.
Steinfath M, Scholz J, Schulte am Esch J, Laer S, Reymann A, Scholz H (1995) The technique of endobronchial lidocaine administration does not influence plasma concentration profiles and pharmacokinetic parameters in humans. Resuscitation 29: 55–62PubMed
259.
Hahnel JH, Lindner KH, Schurmann C, Prengel A, Ahnefeld FW (1990) Plasma lidocaine levels and PaO2 with endobronchial administration: dilution with normal saline or distilled water? Ann Emerg Med 19: 1314–1317PubMed
260.
Del Guercio LRM, Feins NR, Cohn JD, Coumaraswamy RP, Wollmann SB, State D (1965) Comparison of blood flow during external and internal cardiac massage in man. Circulation 31(Suppl 1): 1171–1180
261.
Feneley MP, Maier GW, Kern KB et al. (1988) Influence of compression rate on initial success of resuscitation and 24 hour survival after prolonged manual cardiopulmonary resuscitation in dogs. Circulation 77: 240–250PubMed
262.
Halperin HR, Tsitlik JE, Guerci AD et al. (1986) Determinants of blood flow to vital organs during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in dogs. Circulation 73: 539–550PubMed
263.
Kern KB, Sanders AB, Raife J, Milander MM, Otto CW, Ewy GA (1992) A study of chest compression rates during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in humans: the importance of rate-directed chest compressions. Arch Intern Med 152: 145–149PubMed
264.
Ornato JP, Gonzalez ER, Garnett AR, Levine RL, McClung BK (1988) Effect of cardiopulmonary resuscitation compression rate on end–tidal carbon dioxide concentration and arterial pressure in man. Crit Care Med 16: 241–245PubMed
265.
Swenson RD, Weaver WD, Niskanen RA, Martin J, Dahlberg S (1988) Hemodynamics in humans during conventional and experimental methods of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Circulation 78: 630–639PubMed
266.
Boczar ME, Howard MA, Rivers EP et al. (1995) A technique revisited: hemodynamic comparison of closed- and open-chest cardiac massage during human cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Crit Care Med 23: 498–503PubMed
267.
Anthi A, Tzelepis GE, Alivizatos P, Michalis A, Palatianos GM, Geroulanos S (1998) Unexpected cardiac arrest after cardiac surgery: Incidence, predisposing causes, and outcome of open chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Chest 113: 15–19PubMed
268.
Pottle A, Bullock I, Thomas J, Scott L (2002) Survival to discharge following Open Chest Cardiac Compression (OCCC). A 4-year retrospective audit in a cardiothoracic specialist centre — Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust, United Kingdom. Resuscitation 52: 269–272PubMed
269.
Babbs CF (2003) Interposed abdominal compression CPR: A comprehensive evidence based review. Resuscitation 59: 71–82PubMed
270.
Babbs CF, Nadkarni V (2004) Optimizing chest compression to rescue ventilation ratios during one-rescuer CPR by professionals and lay persons: children are not just little adults. Resuscitation 61: 173–181PubMed
271.
Beyar R, Kishon Y, Kimmel E, Neufeld H, Dinnar U (1985) Intrathoracic and abdominal pressure variations as an efficient method for cardiopulmonary resuscitation: studies in dogs compared with computer model results. Cardiovasc Res 19: 335–342PubMed
272.
Voorhees WD, Niebauer MJ, Babbs CF (1983) Improved oxygen delivery during cardiopulmonary resuscitation with interposed abdominal compressions. Ann Emerg Med 12: 128–135PubMed
273.
Sack JB, Kesselbrenner MB, Jarrad A (1992) Interposed abdominal compression-cardiopulmonary resuscitation and resuscitation outcome during asystole and electromechanical dissociation. Circulation 86: 1692–1700PubMed
274.
Sack JB, Kesselbrenner MB, Bregman D (1992) Survival from in-hospital cardiac arrest with interposed abdominal counterpulsation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. JAMA 267: 379–385PubMed
275.
Mateer JR, Stueven HA, Thompson BM, Aprahamian C, Darin JC (1985) Pre-hospital IAC-CPR versus standard CPR: paramedic resuscitation of cardiac arrests. Am J Emerg Med 3: 143–146PubMed
276.
Lindner KH, Pfenninger EG, Lurie KG, Schurmann W, Lindner IM, Ahnefeld FW (1993) Effects of active compression-decompression resuscitation on myocardial and cerebral blood flow in pigs. Circulation 88: 1254–1263PubMed
277.
Shultz JJ, Coffeen P, Sweeney M et al. (1994) Evaluation of standard and active compression-decompression CPR in an acute human model of ventricular fibrillation. Circulation 89: 684–693PubMed
278.
Chang MW, Coffeen P, Lurie KG, Shultz J, Bache RJ, White CW (1994) Active compression-decompression CPR improves vital organ perfusion in a dog model of ventricular fibrillation. Chest 106: 1250–1259PubMed
279.
Orliaguet GA, Carli PA, Rozenberg A, Janniere D, Sauval P, Delpech P (1995) End-tidal carbon dioxide during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest resuscitation: comparison of active compression-decompression and standard CPR. Ann Emerg Med 25: 48–51PubMed
280.
Tucker KJ, Galli F, Savitt MA, Kahsai D, Bresnahan L, Redberg RF (1994) Active compression-decompression resuscitation: effect on resuscitation success after in-hospital cardiac arrest. J Am Coll Cardiol 24: 201–209PubMed
281.
Malzer R, Zeiner A, Binder M et al. (1996) Hemodynamic effects of active compression-decompression after prolonged CPR. Resuscitation 31: 243–253PubMed
282.
Lurie KG, Shultz JJ, Callaham ML et al. (1994) Evaluation of active compression-decompression CPR in victims of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA 271: 1405–1411PubMed
283.
Cohen TJ, Goldner BG, Maccaro PC et al. (1993) A comparison of active compression–decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation with standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation for cardiac arrests occurring in the hospital. N Engl J Med 329: 1918–1921PubMed
284.
Schwab TM, Callaham ML, Madsen CD, Utecht TA (1995) A randomized clinical trial of active compression-decompression CPR vs standard CPR in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in two cities. JAMA 273: 1261–1268PubMed
285.
Stiell I, H’ebert P, Well G et al. (1996) Tne Ontario trial of active compression-decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation for in-hospital and prehospital cardiac arrest. JAMA 275: 1417–1423PubMed
286.
Mauer D, Schneider T, Dick W, Withelm A, Elich D, Mauer M (1996) Active compression-decompression resuscitation: a prospective, randomized study in a two-tiered EMS system with physicians in the field. Resuscitation 33: 125–134PubMed
287.
Nolan J, Smith G, Evans R et al. (1998) The United Kingdom pre-hospital study of active compression-decompression resuscitation. Resuscitation 37: 119–125PubMed
288.
Luiz T, Ellinger K, Denz C (1996) Active compression-decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation does not improve survival in patients with prehospital cardiac arrest in a physician-manned emergency medical system. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 10: 178–186PubMed
289.
Plaisance P, Lurie KG, Vicaut E et al. (1999) A comparison of standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation and active compression-decompression resuscitation for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. French Active Compression-Decompression Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Study Group. N Engl J Med 341: 569–575PubMed
290.
Lafuente-Lafuente C, Melero-Bascones M (2004) Active chest compression-decompression for cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD002751
291.
Baubin M, Rabl W, Pfeiffer KP, Benzer A, Gilly H (1999) Chest injuries after active compression-decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ACD-CPR) in cadavers. Resuscitation 43: 9–15PubMed
292.
Rabl W, Baubin M, Broinger G, Scheithauer R (1996) Serious complications from active compression-decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Int J Legal Med 109: 84–89PubMed
293.
Hoke RS, Chamberlain D (2004) Skeletal chest injuries secondary to cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 63: 327–338PubMed
294.
Plaisance P, Lurie KG, Payen D (2000) Inspiratory impedance during active compression-decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a randomized evaluation in patients in cardiac arrest. Circulation 101: 989–994PubMed
295.
Plaisance P, Soleil C, Lurie KG, Vicaut E, Ducros L, Payen D (2005) Use of an inspiratory impedance threshold device on a facemask and endotracheal tube to reduce intrathoracic pressures during the decompression phase of active compression-decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Crit Care Med 33: 990–994PubMed
296.
Wolcke BB, Mauer DK, Schoefmann MF et al. (2003) Comparison of standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation versus the combination of active compression-decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation and an inspiratory impedance threshold device for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation 108: 2201–2205PubMed
297.
Aufderheide T, Pirrallo R, Provo T, Lurie K (2005) Clinical evaluation of an inspiratory impedance threshold device during standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med 33: 734–740PubMed
298.
Plaisance P, Lurie KG, Vicaut E et al. (2004) Evaluation of an impedance threshold device in patients receiving active compression-decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation for out of hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 61: 265–271PubMed
299.
Sunde K, Wik L, Steen PA (1997) Quality of mechanical, manual standard and active compression-decompression CPR on the arrest site and during transport in a manikin model. Resuscitation 34: 235–242PubMed
300.
Wik L, Bircher NG, Safar P (1996) A comparison of prolonged manual and mechanical external chest compression after cardiac arrest in dogs. Resuscitation 32: 241–250PubMed
301.
Dickinson ET, Verdile VP, Schneider RM, Salluzzo RF (1998) Effectiveness of mechanical versus manual chest compressions in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest resuscitation: a pilot study. Am J Emerg Med 16: 289–922PubMed
302.
McDonald JL (1982) Systolic and mean arterial pressures during manual and mechanical CPR in humans. Ann Emerg Med 11: 292–295PubMed
303.
Ward KR, Menegazzi JJ, Zelenak RR, Sullivan RJ, McSwain N Jr (1993) A comparison of chest compressions between mechanical and manual CPR by monitoring end-tidal PCO2 during human cardiac arrest. Ann Emerg Med 22: 669–674PubMed
304.
Steen S, Liao Q, Pierre L, Paskevicius A, Sjoberg T (2002) Evaluation of LUCAS, a new device for automatic mechanical compression and active decompression resuscitation. Resuscitation 55: 285–299PubMed
305.
Rubertsson S, Karlsten R (2005) Increased cortical cerebral blood flow with LUCAS; a new device for mechanical chest compressions compared to standard external compressions during experimental cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 65: 357–363PubMed
306.
Nielsen N, Sandhall L, Schersten F, Friberg H, Olsson SE (2005) Successful resuscitation with mechanical CPR, therapeutic hypothermia and coronary intervention during manual CPR after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 65: 111–113PubMed
307.
Timerman S, Cardoso LF, Ramires JA, Halperin H (2004) Improved hemodynamic performance with a novel chest compression device during treatment of in-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 61: 273–280PubMed
308.
Halperin H, Berger R, Chandra N et al. (2000) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation with a hydraulic-pneumatic band. Crit Care Med 28: 203–206
309.
Halperin HR, Paradis N, Ornato JP et al. (2004) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation with a novel chest compression device in a porcine model of cardiac arrest: improved hemodynamics and mechanisms. J Am Coll Cardiol 44: 2214–2220PubMed
310.
Casner M, Anderson D (2005) Preliminary report of the impact of a new CPR assist device on the rate of return of spontaneous circulation in out of hospital cardiac arrest. PreHospital Emergency Med 9: 61–67
311.
Arntz HR, Agrawal R, Richter H et al. (2001) Phased chest and abdominal compression-decompression versus conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation 104: 768–772PubMed
312.
Rozenberg A, Incagnoli P, Delpech P et al. (2001) Prehospital use of minimally invasive direct cardiac massage (MID-CM): a pilot study. Resuscitation 50: 257–262PubMed
313.
Dauchot P, Gravenstein JS (1971) Effects of atropine on the electrocardiogram in different age groups. Clin Pharmacol Ther 12: 274–280PubMed
314.
Chamberlain DA, Turner P, Sneddon JM (1967) Effects of atropine on heart-rate in healthy man. Lancet 2: 12–15PubMed
315.
Bernheim A, Fatio R, Kiowski W, Weilenmann D, Rickli H, Rocca HP (2004) Atropine often results in complete atrioventricular block or sinus arrest after cardiac transplantation: an unpredictable and dose-independent phenomenon. Transplantation 77: 1181–1185PubMed
316.
Klumbies A, Paliege R, Volkmann H (1988) Mechanical emergency stimulation in asystole and extreme bradycardia. Z Gesamte Inn Med 43: 348–352PubMed
317.
Zeh E, Rahner E (1978) The manual extrathoracal stimulation of the heart. Technique and effect of the precordial thump (author’s transl). Z Kardiol 67: 299–304PubMed
318.
Chan L, Reid C, Taylor B (2002) Effect of three emergency pacing modalities on cardiac output in cardiac arrest due to ventricular asystole. Resuscitation 52: 117–119PubMed
319.
Manz M, Pfeiffer D, Jung W, Lueritz B (1991) Intravenous treatment with magnesium in recurrent persistent ventricular tachycardia. New Trends in Arrhythmias 7: 437–442
320.
Tzivoni D, Banai S, Schuger C et al. (1988) Treatment of torsade de pointes with magnesium sulfate. Circulation 77: 392–397PubMed
321.
Sticherling C, Tada H, Hsu W et al. (2002) Effects of diltiazem and esmolol on cycle length and spontaneous conversion of atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 7: 81–88PubMed
322.
Shettigar UR, Toole JG, Appunn DO (1993) Combined use of esmolol and digoxin in the acute treatment of atrial fibrillation or flutter. Am Heart J 126: 368–374PubMed
323.
Demircan C, Cikriklar HI, Engindeniz Z et al. (2005) Comparison of the effectiveness of intravenous diltiazem and metoprolol in the management of rapid ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation. Emerg Med J 22: 411–414PubMedPubMedCentral
324.
Wattanasuwan N, Khan IA, Mehta NJ et al. (2001) Acute ventricular rate control in atrial fibrillation: IV combination of diltiazem and digoxin vs. IV diltiazem alone. Chest 119: 502–506PubMed
325.
Davey MJ, Teubner D (2005) A randomized controlled trial of magnesium sulfate, in addition to usual care, for rate control in atrial fibrillation. Ann Emerg Med 45: 347–353PubMed
326.
Chiladakis JA, Stathopoulos C, Davlouros P, Manolis AS (2001) Intravenous magnesium sulfate versus diltiazem in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Int J Cardiol 79: 287–291PubMed
327.
Camm AJ, Garratt CJ (1991) Adenosine and supraventricular tachycardia. N Engl J Med 325: 1621–1629PubMed
328.
Wang HE, O’Connor R E, Megargel RE et al. (2001) The use of diltiazem for treating rapid atrial fibrillation in the out-of-hospital setting. Ann Emerg Med 37: 38–45PubMed
329.
Martinez-Marcos FJ, Garcia-Garmendia JL, Ortega-Carpio A, Fernandez-Gomez JM, Santos JM, Camacho C (2000) Comparison of intravenous flecainide, propafenone, and amiodarone for conversion of acute atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm. Am J Cardiol 86: 950–953PubMed
330.
Kalus JS, Spencer AP, Tsikouris JP et al. (2003) Impact of prophylactic i.v. magnesium on the efficacy of ibutilide for conversion of atrial fibrillation or flutter. Am J Health Syst Pharm 60: 2308–2312PubMed
331.
Langhelle A, Nolan J, Herlitz J et al. (2005) Recommended guidelines for reviewing, reporting, and conducting research on post-resuscitation care: The Utstein style. Resuscitation 66: 271–283PubMed
332.
Menon DK, Coles JP, Gupta AK et al. (2004) Diffusion limited oxygen delivery following head injury. Crit Care Med 32: 1384–1390PubMed
333.
Buunk G, van der Hoeven JG, Meinders AE (1997) Cerebrovascular reactivity in comatose patients resuscitated from a cardiac arrest. Stroke 28: 1569–1573PubMed
334.
Buunk G, van der Hoeven JG, Meinders AE (1998) A comparison of near-infrared spectroscopy and jugular bulb oximetry in comatose patients resuscitated from a cardiac arrest. Anaesthesia 53: 13–19PubMed
335.
Roine RO, Launes J, Nikkinen P, Lindroth L, Kaste M (1991) Regional cerebral blood flow after human cardiac arrest. A hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime single photon emission computed tomographic study. Arch Neurol 48: 625–629PubMed
336.
Beckstead JE, Tweed WA, Lee J, MacKeen WL (1978) Cerebral blood flow and metabolism in man following cardiac arrest. Stroke 9: 569–573PubMed
337.
Laurent I, Monchi M, Chiche JD et al. (2002) Reversible myocardial dysfunction in survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. J Am Coll Cardiol 40: 2110–2116PubMed
338.
Kern KB, Hilwig RW, Rhee KH, Berg RA (1996) Myocardial dysfunction after resuscitation from cardiac arrest: an example of global myocardial stunning. J Am Coll Cardiol 28: 232–240PubMed
339.
Adrie C, Adib-Conquy M, Laurent I et al. (2002) Successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation after cardiac arrest as a „sepsis-like“ syndrome. Circulation 106: 562–568PubMed
340.
Mullner M, Sterz F, Binder M et al. (1996) Arterial blood pressure after human cardiac arrest and neurological recovery. Stroke 27: 59–62PubMed
341.
Angelos MG, Ward KR, Hobson J, Beckley PD (1994) Organ blood flow following cardiac arrest in a swine low-flow cardiopulmonary bypass model. Resuscitation 27: 245–254PubMed
342.
Rello J, Diaz E, Roque M, Valles J (1999) Risk factors for developing pneumonia within 48 hours of intubation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 159: 1742–1746PubMed
343.
Krumholz A, Stern BJ, Weiss HD (1988) Outcome from coma after cardiopulmonary resuscitation: relation to seizures and myoclonus. Neurology 38: 401–405PubMed
344.
Wijdicks EF, Parisi JE, Sharbrough FW (1994) Prognostic value of myoclonus status in comatose survivors of cardiac arrest. Ann Neurol 35: 239–243PubMed
345.
Takino M, Okada Y (1991) Hyperthermia following cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Intensive Care Med 17: 419–420PubMed
346.
Hickey RW, Kochanek PM, Ferimer H, Alexander HL, Garman RH, Graham SH (2003) Induced hyperthermia exacerbates neurologic neuronal histologic damage after asphyxial cardiac arrest in rats. Crit Care Med 31: 531–535PubMed
347.
Takasu A, Saitoh D, Kaneko N, Sakamoto T, Okada Y (2001) Hyperthermia: is it an ominous sign after cardiac arrest? Resuscitation 49: 273–277PubMed
348.
Zeiner A, Holzer M, Sterz F et al. (2007) Hyperthermia after cardiac arrest is associated with an unfavorable neurologic outcome. Arch Intern Med 161: 2007–2012
349.
Coimbra C, Boris-Moller F, Drake M, Wieloch T (1996) Diminished neuronal damage in the rat brain by late treatment with the antipyretic drug dipyrone or cooling following cerebral ischemia. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 92: 447–453
350.
Coimbra C, Drake M, Boris-Moller F, Wieloch T (1996) Long-lasting neuroprotective effect of postischemic hypothermia and treatment with an anti-inflammatory/antipyretic drug: evidence for chronic encephalopathic processes following ischemia. Stroke 27: 1578–1585PubMed
351.
Colbourne F, Sutherland G, Corbett D (1997) Postischemic hypothermia. A critical appraisal with implications for clinical treatment. Mol Neurobiol 14: 171–201PubMed
352.
Ginsberg MD, Sternau LL, Globus MY, Dietrich WD, Busto R (1992) Therapeutic modulation of brain temperature: relevance to ischemic brain injury. Cerebrovasc Brain Metab Rev 4: 189–225PubMed
353.
Safar PJ, Kochanek PM (2002) Therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 346: 612–613PubMed
354.
Hypothermia After Cardiac Arrest Study Group (2002) Mild therapeutic hypothermia to improve the neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 346: 549–556
355.
Bernard SA, Gray TW, Buist MD et al. (2002) Treatment of comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with induced hypothermia. N Engl J Med 346: 557–563PubMed
356.
Hachimi-Idrissi S, Corne L, Ebinger G, Michotte Y, Huyghens L (2001) Mild hypothermia induced by a helmet device: a clinical feasibility study. Resuscitation 51: 275–281PubMed
357.
Bernard SA, Jones BM, Horne MK (1997) Clinical trial of induced hypothermia in comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Ann Emerg Med 30: 146–153PubMed
358.
Bernard S, Buist M, Monteiro O, Smith K (2003) Induced hypothermia using large volume, ice–cold intravenous fluid in comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a preliminary report. Resuscitation 56: 9–13PubMed
359.
Virkkunen I, Yli-Hankala A, Silfvast T (2004) Induction of therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest in prehospital patients using ice-cold Ringer’s solution: a pilot study. Resuscitation 62: 299–302PubMed
360.
Al-Senani FM, Graffagnino C, Grotta JC et al. (2004) A prospective, multicenter pilot study to evaluate the feasibility and safety of using the CoolGard System and Icy catheter following cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 62: 143–150PubMed
361.
Kliegel A, Losert H, Sterz F et al. (2005) Cold simple intravenous infusions preceding special endovascular cooling for faster induction of mild hypothermia after cardiac arrest — a feasibility study. Resuscitation 64: 347–351PubMed
362.
Kim F, Olsufka M, Carlbom D et al. (2005) Pilot study of rapid infusion of 2 L of 4 degrees C normal saline for induction of mild hypothermia in hospitalized, comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation 112: 715–719PubMed
363.
Schmutzhard E, Engelhardt K, Beer R et al. (2002) Safety and efficacy of a novel intravascular cooling device to control body temperature in neurologic intensive care patients: a prospective pilot study. Crit Care Med 30: 2481–2488PubMed
364.
Diringer MN, Reaven NL, Funk SE, Uman GC (2004) Elevated body temperature independently contributes to increased length of stay in neurologic intensive care unit patients. Crit Care Med 32: 1489–1495PubMed
365.
Keller E, Imhof HG, Gasser S, Terzic A, Yonekawa Y (2003) Endovascular cooling with heat exchange catheters: a new method to induce and maintain hypothermia. Intensive Care Med 29: 939–943PubMed
366.
Polderman KH, Peerdeman SM, Girbes AR (2001) Hypophosphatemia and hypomagnesemia induced by cooling in patients with severe head injury. J Neurosurg 94: 697–705PubMed
367.
Polderman KH (2004) Application of therapeutic hypothermia in the intensive care unit. Opportunities and pitfalls of a promising treatment modality — Part 2: Practical aspects and side effects. Intensive Care Med 30: 757–769PubMed
368.
Agnew DM, Koehler RC, Guerguerian AM et al. (2003) Hypothermia for 24 hours after asphyxic cardiac arrest in piglets provides striatal neuroprotection that is sustained 10 days after rewarming. Pediatr Res 54: 253–262PubMed
369.
Hicks SD, DeFranco DB, Callaway CW (2000) Hypothermia during reperfusion after asphyxial cardiac arrest improves functional recovery and selectively alters stress-induced protein expression. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 20: 520–530PubMed
370.
Sterz F, Safar P, Tisherman S, Radovsky A, Kuboyama K, Oku K (1991) Mild hypothermic cardiopulmonary resuscitation improves outcome after prolonged cardiac arrest in dogs. Crit Care Med 19: 379–389PubMed
371.
Xiao F, Safar P, Radovsky A (1998) Mild protective and resuscitative hypothermia for asphyxial cardiac arrest in rats. Am J Emerg Med 16: 17–25PubMed
372.
Katz LM, Young A, Frank JE, Wang Y, Park K (2004) Neurotensin-induced hypothermia improves neurologic outcome after hypoxic-ischemia. Crit Care Med 32: 806–810PubMed
373.
Abella BS, Zhao D, Alvarado J, Hamann K, Vanden Hoek TL, Becker LB (2004) Intra-arrest cooling improves outcomes in a murine cardiac arrest model. Circulation 109: 2786–2791PubMed
374.
Nolan JP, Morley PT, Vanden Hoek TL, Hickey RW (2003) Therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest. An advisory statement by the Advancement Life support Task Force of the International Liaison committee on Resuscitation. Resuscitation 57: 231–235PubMed
375.
Baird TA, Parsons MW, Phanh T et al. (2003) Persistent poststroke hyperglycemia is independently associated with infarct expansion and worse clinical outcome. Stroke 34: 2208–2214PubMed
376.
Capes SE, Hunt D, Malmberg K, Pathak P, Gerstein HC (2001) Stress hyperglycemia and prognosis of stroke in nondiabetic and diabetic patients: a systematic overview. Stroke 32: 2426–2432PubMed
377.
Scott JF, Robinson GM, French JM, O’Connell JE, Alberti KG, Gray CS (1999) Glucose potassium insulin infusions in the treatment of acute stroke patients with mild to moderate hyperglycemia: the Glucose Insulin in Stroke Trial (GIST). Stroke 30: 793–799PubMed
378.
Yip PK, He YY, Hsu CY, Garg N, Marangos P, Hogan EL (1991) Effect of plasma glucose on infarct size in focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. Neurology 41: 899–905PubMed
379.
van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F et al. (2001) Intensive insulin therapy in the critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 345: 1359–1367
380.
Krinsley JS (2004) Effect of an intensive glucose management protocol on the mortality of critically ill adult patients. Mayo Clin Proc 79: 992–1000PubMed
381.
Van den Berghe G, Wouters PJ, Bouillon R et al. (2003) Outcome benefit of intensive insulin therapy in the critically ill: Insulin dose versus glycemic control. Crit Care Med 31: 359–366
382.
Katz LM, Wang Y, Ebmeyer U, Radovsky A, Safar P (1998) Glucose plus insulin infusion improves cerebral outcome after asphyxial cardiac arrest. Neuroreport 9: 3363–3367PubMed
383.
Laver S, Farrow C, Turner D, Nolan J (2004) Mode of death after admission to an intensive care unit following cardiac arrest. Intensive Care Med 30: 2126–2128PubMed
384.
Zandbergen EG, de Haan RJ, Stoutenbeek CP, Koelman JH, Hijdra A (1998) Systematic review of early prediction of poor outcome in anoxic-ischaemic coma. Lancet 352: 1808–1812PubMed
385.
Booth CM, Boone RH, Tomlinson G, Detsky AS (2004) Is this patient dead, vegetative, or severely neurologically impaired? Assessing outcome for comatose survivors of cardiac arrest. Jama 291: 870–879PubMed
386.
Edgren E, Hedstrand U, Kelsey S, Sutton-Tyrrell K, Safar P (1994) Assessment of neurological prognosis in comatose survivors of cardiac arrest. BRCT I Study Group. Lancet 343: 1055–1059PubMed
387.
Tiainen M, Roine RO, Pettila V, Takkunen O (2003) Serum neuron-specific enolase and S–100B protein in cardiac arrest patients treated with hypothermia. Stroke 34: 2881–2886PubMed
388.
Fogel W, Krieger D, Veith M et al. (1997) Serum neuron-specific enolase as early predictor of outcome after cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med 25: 1133–1138PubMed
389.
Mussack T, Biberthaler P, Kanz KG et al. (2002) Serum S-100B and interleukin-8 as predictive markers for comparative neurologic outcome analysis of patients after cardiac arrest and severe traumatic brain injury. Crit Care Med 30: 2669–2674PubMed
390.
Mussack T, Biberthaler P, Kanz KG, Wiedemann E, Gippner-Steppert C, Jochum M (2001) S-100b, sE-selectin, and sP-selectin for evaluation of hypoxic brain damage in patients after cardiopulmonary resuscitation: pilot study. World J Surg 25: 539–544PubMed
391.
Rosen H, Karlsson JE, Rosengren L (2004) CSF levels of neurofilament is a valuable predictor of long-term outcome after cardiac arrest. J Neurol Sci 221: 19–24PubMed
392.
Rosen H, Rosengren L, Herlitz J, Blomstrand C (1998) Increased serum levels of the S-100 protein are associated with hypoxic brain damage after cardiac arrest. Stroke 29: 473–477PubMed
393.
Meynaar IA, Straaten HM, van der Wetering J et al. (2003) Serum neuron-specific enolase predicts outcome in post-anoxic coma: a prospective cohort study. Intensive Care Med 29: 189–195PubMed
394.
Rosen H, Sunnerhagen KS, Herlitz J, Blomstrand C, Rosengren L (2001) Serum levels of the brain-derived proteins S-100 and NSE predict long-term outcome after cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 49: 183–191PubMed
395.
Schreiber W, Herkner H, Koreny M et al. (2002) Predictors of survival in unselected patients with acute myocardial infarction requiring continuous catecholamine support. Resuscitation 55: 269–276PubMed
396.
Schoerkhuber W, Kittler H, Sterz F et al. (1999) Time course of serum neuron-specific enolase. A predictor of neurological outcome in patients resuscitated from cardiac arrest. Stroke 30: 1598–1603PubMed
397.
Bottiger BW, Mobes S, Glatzer R et al. (2001) Astroglial protein S-100 is an early and sensitive marker of hypoxic brain damage and outcome after cardiac arrest in humans. Circulation 103: 2694–2698PubMed
398.
Martens P, Raabe A, Johnsson P (1998) Serum S-100 and neuron-specific enolase for prediction of regaining consciousness after global cerebral ischemia. Stroke 29: 2363–2366PubMed
399.
Zingler VC, Krumm B, Bertsch T, Fassbender K, Pohlmann-Eden B (2003) Early prediction of neurological outcome after cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a multimodal approach combining neurobiochemical and electrophysiological investigations may provide high prognostic certainty in patients after cardiac arrest. Eur Neurol 49: 79–84PubMed
400.
Zandbergen EG, de Haan RJ, Hijdra A (2001) Systematic review of prediction of poor outcome in anoxic-ischaemic coma with biochemical markers of brain damage. Intensive Care Med 27: 1661–1667PubMed
401.
Synek VM (1989) Validity of a revised EEG coma scale for predicting survival in anoxic encephalopathy. Clin Exp Neurol 26: 119–127PubMed
402.
Moller M, Holm B, Sindrup E, Nielsen BL (1978) Electroencephalographic prediction of anoxic brain damage after resuscitation from cardiac arrest in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Acta Med Scand 203: 31–37PubMed
403.
Scollo-Lavizzari G, Bassetti C (1987) Prognostic value of EEG in post-anoxic coma after cardiac arrest. Eur Neurol 26: 161–170PubMed
404.
Bassetti C, Karbowski K (1990) Prognostic value of electroencephalography in non-traumatic comas. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 120: 1425–1434PubMed
405.
Bassetti C, Bomio F, Mathis J, Hess CW (1996) Early prognosis in coma after cardiac arrest: a prospective clinical, electrophysiological, and biochemical study of 60 patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 61: 610–615PubMedPubMedCentral
406.
Rothstein TL (2004) Recovery from near death following cerebral anoxia: A case report demonstrating superiority of median somatosensory evoked potentials over EEG in predicting a favorable outcome after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 60: 335–341PubMed
407.
Berkhoff M, Donati F, Bassetti C (2000) Postanoxic alpha (theta) coma: a reappraisal of its prognostic significance. Clin Neurophysiol 111: 297–304PubMed
408.
Kaplan PW, Genoud D, Ho TW, Jallon P (1999) Etiology, neurologic correlations, and prognosis in alpha coma. Clin Neurophysiol 110: 205–213PubMed
409.
Yamashita S, Morinaga T, Ohgo S et al. (1995) Prognostic value of electroencephalogram (EEG) in anoxic encephalopathy after cardiopulmonary resuscitation: relationship among anoxic period, EEG grading and outcome. Intern Med 34: 71–76PubMed
410.
Ajisaka H (2004) Early electroencephalographic findings in patients with anoxic encephalopathy after cardiopulmonary arrest and successful resusitation. J Clin Neurosci 11: 616–618PubMed
411.
Rothstein TL, Thomas EM, Sumi SM (1991) Predicting outcome in hypoxic-ischemic coma. A prospective clinical and electrophysiologic study. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 79: 101–107PubMed
412.
Edgren E, Hedstrand U, Nordin M, Rydin E, Ronquist G (1987) Prediction of outcome after cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med 15: 820–825PubMed
413.
Sorensen K, Thomassen A, Wernberg M (1978) Prognostic significance of alpha frequency EEG rhythm in coma after cardiac arrest. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 41: 840–842PubMedPubMedCentral
Metadaten
Titel
Erweiterte Reanimationsmaßnahmen für Erwachsene (ALS)
Abschnitt 4 der Leitlinien zur Reanimation 2005 des European Resuscitation Council
verfasst von
J. P. Nolan
C. D. Deakin
J. Soar
B. W. Böttiger
G. Smith
M. Baubin
Dr. Dr. B. Dirks
V. Wenzel
Publikationsdatum
01.02.2006
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in
Notfall + Rettungsmedizin / Ausgabe 1/2006
Print ISSN: 1434-6222
Elektronische ISSN: 1436-0578
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10049-006-0796-0

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2006

Notfall + Rettungsmedizin 1/2006 Zur Ausgabe

Schwerpunkt: ERC-Leitlinien

Ethik der Reanimation und Entscheidungen am Lebensende

Schwerpunkt: ERC-Leitlinien

Lebensrettende Basismaßnahmen für Erwachsene und Verwendung automatisierter externer Defibrillatoren

Schwerpunkt: ERC-Leitlinien

Leitlinien zur Reanimation 2005 des European Resuscitation Council

Schwerpunkt: ERC-Leitlinien

Kreislaufstillstand unter besonderen Umständen

Schwerpunkt: ERC-Leitlinien

Prinzipien des Trainings in der Wiederbelebung

Schwerpunkt: ERC-Leitlinien

Lebensrettende Maßnahmen bei Kindern (Paediatric Life Support, PLS)