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Koma in der Notaufnahme

Coma in the emergency room

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Zusammenfassung

Koma unklarer Genese („coma of unknown origin“, CUO) ist ein häufiges unspezifisches Notfallleitsymptom mit hoher Mortalität. Die Diagnostik steht unter Zeitdruck bei einem gleichzeitig breiten Spektrum möglicher zugrunde liegender Erkrankungen mit ca. 50 % primären ZNS-Pathologien und ca. 50 % extrazerebralen, fast ausschließlich internistischen Ursachen. Trotz der mit dem Leitsymptom assoziierten hohen Mortalität gibt es keine verbindlichen Leitlinien für das Akutmanagement erwachsener CUO-Patienten. Wir schlagen einen interdisziplinären Voralarm für CUO-Patienten vor, wie wir ihn an unserem Klinikum der Maximalversorgung etabliert haben. Der Alarm wird anhand einfacher, aber für die präklinische Identifikation von CUO ausreichender Triagekriterien bereits vor Eintreffen des Patienten ausgelöst. Die fachliche Führung liegt bei der Neurologie. Die Behandlungsroutine beinhaltet eine strukturierte Interaktion mit Pflege, innerer Medizin, Anästhesie, Radiologie (CT, CTA) und Labor (inkl. Liquor, Toxikologie) mit fakultativer Hinzuziehung von Neurochirurgie und Traumatologie. Die von uns erhobenen Daten sprechen für ein standardisiertes leitsymptombasiertes diagnostisches Management, das die Neurologie und innere Medizin an den Anfang des diagnostischen Vorgehens stellt. Bildgebende Diagnostik sollte nicht nur abhängig von der klinisch-syndromalen Zuordnung erfolgen, weil Sensitivität, Spezifität und Interrater-Variabilität Letzterer nicht ausreichen und mehrfache Pathologien, die auch einzeln CUO erklären könnten, häufig sind. Klinische Untersuchung, Bildgebung und Laboruntersuchungen sollten als Bausteine eines integrativen diagnostischen Ansatzes gesehen werden, in dem die ätiologische Zuordnung erst nach kompletter diagnostischer Aufarbeitung erfolgen sollte.

Abstract

Coma of unknown origin (CUO) is a frequent unspecific emergency symptom associated with a high mortality. A fast diagnostic work-up is essential given the wide spectrum of underlying diagnoses that are made up of approximately 50% primary central nervous system (CNS) pathologies and approximately 50% extracerebral, almost exclusively internal medical causes. Despite the high mortality associated with this symptom, there are currently no generally accepted management guidelines for adult patients presenting with CUO. We propose an interdisciplinary standard operating procedure (SOP) for patients with acute CUO as has been established in our maximum care hospital. The SOP is triggered by simple triage criteria that are sufficient to identify CUO patients before arrival in hospital. The in-hospital response team is led by a neurologist. Collaboration with nursing staff, internal medicine, anesthesiology, neurosurgery and trauma surgery is organized along structured pathways that include standardized laboratory tests, including cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), toxicology, computed tomography (CT) and CT angiography imaging (CTA). Our data suggest that neurologists and internists need to be placed at the beginning of the diagnostic work-up. Imaging should not just be carried out depending on the clinical syndrome because sensitivity, specificity and inter-rater reliability of the latter are not sufficient and because in many cases, multiple pathologies can be detected that could each explain CUO alone. Clinical examination, imaging and laboratory testing should be regarded as components of an integrative diagnostic approach and the final aetiological classification should only be made after the diagnostic work-up is complete.

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Correspondence to C. J. Ploner.

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Interessenkonflikt

M. Braun, C.J. Ploner, T. Lindner, M. Möckel und W.U. Schmidt geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Für die vorliegende Untersuchung wurde ein Ethikvotum durch die Ethikkommission der Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin erteilt („Emergency Processes in Clinical Structures“, EA1/172/14).

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Braun, M., Ploner, C.J., Lindner, T. et al. Koma in der Notaufnahme. Nervenarzt 88, 607–615 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00115-017-0329-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00115-017-0329-8

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