Zusammenfassung
Die Forschung zum Zusammenhang zwischen körperlicher Aktivität und psychischer Gesundheit betrachtet die Auswirkungen körperlicher Aktivität sowohl auf der emotionalen als auch auf der kognitiven Ebene. Körperliches Training kann bei Depressionen ähnlich wirksam sein wie eine medikamentöse Therapie. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden in diesem Zusammenhang diskutierte neurobiologische Mechanismen, die der Stimmungsverbesserung zugrunde liegen, sowie psychologische Selbstkonzept- und Selbstwirksamkeitsmodelle dargestellt. Bei der gut belegten positiven Wirkung körperlicher Aktivität auf Angstzustände und Angststörungen können Desensitivierungsprozesse eine Rolle spielen. Das Phänomen des vor allem bei Leistungssportlern bekannten Übertrainings zeigt, dass körperliches Training nicht in jedem Fall das psychische Wohlbefinden verbessert. Körperliche Aktivität kann dem kognitiven Abbau im Alter vorbeugen und die Entwicklung einer Demenz hinauszögern. Auch bei Kindern und Jugendlichen hat körperliche Aktivität einen positiven Effekt auf die psychische Gesundheit und auf kognitive Funktionen, insbesondere auf die sich in diesem Alter entwickelnden exekutiven Funktionen. Schließlich übt körperliche Aktivität auch einen positiven Einfluss auf die hormonellen Stressregulationssysteme aus: Bei Trainierten zeigen diese eine stärkere Reaktivität und eine schnellere Regenerationsfähigkeit.
Abstract
Research on the association between physical activity and mental health addresses the beneficial effects of physical activity on emotional and cognitive functioning. With regard to emotional functioning, most studies focus on the influence of physical activity on depressive symptoms or affective disorders. These studies show that the beneficial effects of aerobic exercise and pharmacotherapy on depressive symptoms seem to be comparable and discuss a variety of neurobiological mechanisms that improve symptoms. The positive effects of physical activity on anxious mood and anxiety disorders are also well documented. Desensitization to physiological changes, improved self-esteem, and self-efficacy seem to play an important part. However, aerobic exercise does not improve mental health in every case, as seen for instance in over-trained athletes. Research on the relationship between physical activity and cognitive functioning reveals that physical activity can prevent the age-related cognitive decline and can delay the onset of dementia. Physical activity has beneficial effects not only on adults but also on children’s and adolescents’ mental health and cognitive performance, particularly on their executive functions that are still developing throughout adolescence. Finally, physical activity also affects the endocrine stress-regulation system: trained people reveal stronger reactivity and quicker regeneration when faced with stressful events.
Literatur
König HH, Luppa M, Riedel-Heller S (2010) Die Kosten der Depression und die Wirtschaftlichkeit ihrer Behandlung. Psychiatr Prax 37:213–215
Conn VS (2010) Depressive symptom outcomes of physical activity interventions: meta-analysis findings. Ann Behav Med 39:128–138
Stathopoulou G, Powers MB, Berry AC et al (2006) Exercise interventions for mental health: a quantitative and qualitative review. Clin Psychol Sci Pract 13:179–193
Rethorst CD, Wipfli BM, Landers DM (2009) The antidepressive effects of exercise. A meta-analysis of randomized trials. Sports Med 39:491–511
Mead GE, Morley W, Campbell P et al (2009) Exercise for depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 8:CD004366
Hoffmann BM, Babyak MA, Graighead WE (2011) Exercise and pharmacotherapy in patients with major depression: one-year follow-up of the SMILE Study. Psychosom Med 73:127–133
Blumenthal JA, Babyak MA, Doraiswarmy PM et al (2007) Exercise and pharmacotherapy in the treatment of major depressive disorder. Psychosom Med 69:587–596
Babyak MA, Blumenthal JA, Herman S et al (2000) Exercise treatment for major depression: maintenance of therapeutic benefit at 10 months. Psychosom Med 62:633–638
Haase AM, Taylor A, Fox KR et al (2010) Rationale and development of the physical activity counseling intervention for a pragmatic Trial of Exercise and Depression in the UK (TREAD-UK). Ment Health Phys Act 3:85–91
Glanz K, Bishop DB (2010) The role of behavioral science theory in development and implementation of public health interventions. Ann Rev Public Health 31:399–418
Eriksson PS, Perfilieva E, Björk-Eriksson T (1998) Neurogenesis in the adult human hippocampus. Nat Med 4:1313–1317
Ernst C, Olson AK, Pinel J et al (2006) Antidepressant effects of exercise: evidence for an adult-neurogenesis hypothesis? J Psychiatry Neurosci 31:84–92
Hennigan A, O’Callaghan RM, Kelly AM (2007) Neurotrophins and their receptors: roles in plasticity, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection. Biochem Soc Trans 35:424–427
Laske C, Eschweiler G (2006) Brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Vom Nervenwachstumsfaktor zum Plastizitätsmodulator bei kognitiven Prozessen und psychischen Erkrankungen. Nervenarzt 77:523–537
Pedersen BK, Pedersen M, Krabbe KS et al (2009) Role of exercise-induced brain-derived neurotrophic factor production in the regulation of energy homeostasis in mammals. Exp Physiol 94:1153–1160
Dwivedi Y, Rizavi HS, Conley RR et al (2003) Altered gene expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and receptor tyrosine kinase B in postmortem brain of suicide subjects. Arch Gen Psychiatry 60:804–815
Shimizu E, Hashimoto K, Okamura N et al (2003) Alterations of serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in depressed patients with or without antidepressants. Biol Psychiatry 54:70–75
Knaepen K, Goekint M, Heyman EM, Meeusen R (2010) Neuroplasticity – exercise-induced response of peripheral brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Sports Med 40:765–801
Rasmussen P, Brassard P, Adser H et al (2009) Evidence for a release of brain-derived neurotrophic factor from the brain during exercise. Exp Physiol 94:1062–1069
Walsh NP, Gleeson M, Shephard RJ et al (2011) Position statement. Part one: Immune function and exercise. Exerc Immunol Rev 17:6–63
Dietrich A (2006) Transient hypofrontality as a mechanism for the psychological effects of exercise. Psychiatry Res 145:79–83
Dietrich A, Audiffren M (2011) The reticular-activating hypofrontality (RAH) model of acute exercise. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 35:1305–1325
Wipfli BM, Rethorst CD, Landers DM (2008) The anxiolytic effects of exercise: a meta-analysis of randomized trials and dose-response analysis. J Sport Exerc Psychol 30:392–410
Herring MP, O’Connor PJ, Dishman RK (2010) The effect of exercise training on anxiety symptoms among patients: a systematic review. Arch Intern Med 170:321–331
Euskirchen J, Kleinert J, Walschek R (2009) Sport- und Bewegungstherapie im Drogenentzug – Auswirkungen auf die Befindlichkeit. Bewegungsther Gesundheitssport 25:248–253
Schwarz D, Gießing J, Heider J et al (2009) Sporttherapie in der Behandlung somatoformer Beschwerden: ein Literaturüberblick. Z Sportpsychol 16:117–130
Ussher MH, Taylor A, Faulkner G (2008) Exercise interventions for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 8(4):CD002295
Gorczynski P, Faulkner G (2010) Exercise therapy for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 12(5):CD004412
Pajonk FG, Wobrock T, Gruber O et al (2010) Hippocampal plasticity in response to exercise in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 67:133–143
Alfermann D, Stoll O (2000) Effects of physical exercise on self-concept and well-being. Int J Sport Psychol 30:47–65
Spence JC, McGannon KR, Poon P (2005) The effect of exercise on global self-esteem: a quantitative review. J Sport Exerc Psychol 27:311–334
Bandura A (1986) Social foundations of thought and action: a social cognitive theory. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs
Netz Y, Wu MJ, Becker BJ, Tenenbaum G (2005) Physical activity and psychological well-being in advanced age: a meta-analysis of intervention studies. Psychol Aging 20:272–284
Fox KR (2000) The effects of exercise on self-perceptions and self-esteem. In: Biddle SJH, Fox KR, Boutcher SH (Hrsg) Physical activity and psychological well-being. Routledge, London, S 88–117
Taylor AH, Fox KR (2005) Effectiveness of a primary care exercise referral intervention for changing physical self-perceptions over 9 months. Health Psychol 24:11–21
Urhausen A, Kindermann W (2002) Übertraining. Dtsch Z Sportmed 53:121–122
Coakley J (1992) Burnout among adolescent athletes – a personal failure or social problem? Sociol Sport J 9:271–285
Richardson SO, Andersen MB, Morris T (2008) Overtraining athletes: personal journeys in sport. Human Kinetics, Champaign
Winsley R, Matos N (2011) Overtraining and elite young athletes. Med Sport Sci 56:97–105
Kellmann M (2010) Preventing overtraining in athletes in high-intensity sports and stress/recovery monitoring. Scand J Med Sci Sports 20:95–102
McNair D, Lorr M, Droppelmann LF (1971/1992) Profile of mood states manual. Educational and Industrial Testing Service, San Diego
Kellmann M, Kallus KW (2001) The Recovery-Stress Questionnaire for Athletes: user manual. Human Kinetics, Champaign
Etnier JL, Nowell PM, Landers DM, Sibley BA (2006) A meta-regression analysis to examine the relationship between aerobic fitness and cognitive performance. Brain Res Rev 30:119–130
Uffelen JGZ van, Chin AP, Marijke JM et al (2008) The effects of exercise on cognition in older adults with and without cognitive decline: a systematic review. Clin J Sport Med 18:486–500
Angevaren M, Aufdemkampe G, Verhaar HJJ et al (2008) Physical activity and enhanced fitness to improve cognitive function in older people without known cognitive impairment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 16(3):CD005381
Erickson KI, Kramer AF (2009) Aerobic exercise effects on cognitive and neural plasticity in older adults. Br J Sports Med 43:22–24
Smith PJ, Blumenthal JA, Hoffman BM et al (2010) Aerobic exercise and neurocognitive performance: a meta-analytic review of randomized controlled trials. Psychosom Med 72:239–252
Sofi F, Valecchi D, Bacci D et al (2011) Physical activity and risk of cognitive decline: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. J Intern Med 269:107–117
Heyn P, Abreu BC, Ottenbacher KJ (2004) The effects of exercise training on elderly persons with cognitive impairment and dementia: a meta-analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 85:1694–1704
Olazarán J, Reisberg B, Clare L et al (2010) Nonpharmacological therapies in Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review of efficacy. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 30:161–178
Luijpen MW, Scherder EJA, Van Someren EJW et al (2003) Non-pharmacological interventions in cognitively impaired and demented patients: a comparison with cholinesterase inhibitors. Rev Neurosci 14:343–368
Smith M, Wells J, Borrie M (2006) Treatment effect size of memantine therapy in Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 20:133–137
Weinmann S, Roll S, Schwarzbach C et al (2010) Effects of Ginkgo biloba in dementia: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Geriatr 10:14
Riepe MW, Janetzky W, Lemming OM (2011) Measuring therapeutic efficacy in patients with Alzheimer’s disease: role of instruments. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 31:233–238
Forbes D, Forbes S, Morgan DG et al (2008) Physical activity programs for persons with dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 16(3):CD006489
Hamer M, Chida Y (2009) Physical activity and risk of neurodegenerative disease: a systematic review of prospective evidence. Psychol Med 39:3–11
Aarsland D, Sardahaee FS, Anderssen S et al (2010) Is physical activity a potential preventive factor for vascular dementia? A systematic review. Aging Ment Health 14:386–395
Bös K, Worth A, Opper E et al (2009) Motorik-Modul: Eine Studie zur motorischen Leistungsfähigkeit und körperlich-sportlichen Aktivität von Kindern und Jugendlichen in Deutschland. Forschungsreihe des Bundesministeriums für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend, Bd. 5. Nomos, Baden-Baden
Larun L, Nordheim LV, Ekeland E et al (2006) Exercise in prevention and treatment of anxiety and depression among children and young people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 19(3):CD004691
Ahn S, Feweda AL (2011) A meta-analysis of the relationship between children’s physical activity and mental health. J Pediatr Psychol 36:385–397
Motl RW, Birnbaum AS, Kubik MY, Dishman RK (2004) Naturally occurring changes in physical activity are inversely related to depressive symptoms during early adolescence. Psychosom Med 66:336–342
Jerstad SJ, Boutelle KN, Ness KK, Stice E (2011) Prospective reciprocal relations between physical activity and depression in female adolescents. J Consult Clin Psychol 78:268–272
Best JR (2010) Effects of physical activity on children’s executive function. Contributions of experimental research on aerobic exercise. Dev Rev 30:331–351
Best JR, Miller PH (2010) A developmental perspective on executive function. Child Dev 81:1641–1660
Blakemore SJ (2008) The social brain in adolescence. Nat Rev Neurosci 9:267–277
Tomporowski PD, Davis CL, Miller PH, Naglieri JA (2008) Exercise and children’s intelligence, cognition, and academic achievement. Educ Psychol Rev 20:111–131
Davis CL, Tomporowski PD, McDowell JE et al (2011) Exercise improves executive function and achievement and alters brain activation in overweight children: a randomized, controlled trial. Health Psychol 30:91–98
Sibley BA, Etnier JL (2003) The relationship between physical activity and cognition in children: a meta-analysis. Pediatr Exerc Sci 15:243–256
Chrousos GP, Gold W (1992) The concepts of stress and stress system disorders. Overview of physical and behavioral homeostasis. JAMA 267:1244–1252
Tsatsoulis A, Fountoulakis S (2006) The protective role of exercise on stress system dysregulation and comorbidities. Ann NY Acad Sci 1083:196–213
Sothmann MS (2006) The cross-stressor adaptation hypothesis and exercise training. In: Acevedo EO, Ekkekakis P (Hrsg) Psychobiology of physical activity. Human Kinetics, Champaign, S 149–160
Gerber M, Pühse U (2008) Sportliche Aktivität und Stressreaktivität: Ein Review. Dtsch Z Sportmed 59:168–174
Chrousos GP (2009) Stress and disorders of the stress system. Nat Rev Endocrinol 5:374–381
Krishnan V, Nestler EJ (2010) Linking molecules to mood: new insight into the biology of depression. Am J Psychiatry 167:1305–1320
Jackson WM, Dishman RK (2006) Cardiorespiratory fitness and laboratory stress: a meta-regression analysis. Psychophysiology 43:57–72
Hamer M, Taylor A, Steptoe A (2006) The effect of acute aerobic exercise on stress related blood pressure responses: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Biol Psychol 71:183–190
Interessenkonflikt
Der korrespondierende Autor gibt an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Schulz, KH., Meyer, A. & Langguth, N. Körperliche Aktivität und psychische Gesundheit. Bundesgesundheitsbl. 55, 55–65 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00103-011-1387-x
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00103-011-1387-x