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Körperliche Aktivität und psychische Gesundheit

Exercise and psychological well-being

  • Leitthema
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Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz Aims and scope

Zusammenfassung

Die Forschung zum Zusammenhang zwischen körperlicher Aktivität und psychischer Gesundheit betrachtet die Auswirkungen körperlicher Aktivität sowohl auf der emotionalen als auch auf der kognitiven Ebene. Körperliches Training kann bei Depressionen ähnlich wirksam sein wie eine medikamentöse Therapie. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden in diesem Zusammenhang diskutierte neurobiologische Mechanismen, die der Stimmungsverbesserung zugrunde liegen, sowie psychologische Selbstkonzept- und Selbstwirksamkeitsmodelle dargestellt. Bei der gut belegten positiven Wirkung körperlicher Aktivität auf Angstzustände und Angststörungen können Desensitivierungsprozesse eine Rolle spielen. Das Phänomen des vor allem bei Leistungssportlern bekannten Übertrainings zeigt, dass körperliches Training nicht in jedem Fall das psychische Wohlbefinden verbessert. Körperliche Aktivität kann dem kognitiven Abbau im Alter vorbeugen und die Entwicklung einer Demenz hinauszögern. Auch bei Kindern und Jugendlichen hat körperliche Aktivität einen positiven Effekt auf die psychische Gesundheit und auf kognitive Funktionen, insbesondere auf die sich in diesem Alter entwickelnden exekutiven Funktionen. Schließlich übt körperliche Aktivität auch einen positiven Einfluss auf die hormonellen Stressregulationssysteme aus: Bei Trainierten zeigen diese eine stärkere Reaktivität und eine schnellere Regenerationsfähigkeit.

Abstract

Research on the association between physical activity and mental health addresses the beneficial effects of physical activity on emotional and cognitive functioning. With regard to emotional functioning, most studies focus on the influence of physical activity on depressive symptoms or affective disorders. These studies show that the beneficial effects of aerobic exercise and pharmacotherapy on depressive symptoms seem to be comparable and discuss a variety of neurobiological mechanisms that improve symptoms. The positive effects of physical activity on anxious mood and anxiety disorders are also well documented. Desensitization to physiological changes, improved self-esteem, and self-efficacy seem to play an important part. However, aerobic exercise does not improve mental health in every case, as seen for instance in over-trained athletes. Research on the relationship between physical activity and cognitive functioning reveals that physical activity can prevent the age-related cognitive decline and can delay the onset of dementia. Physical activity has beneficial effects not only on adults but also on children’s and adolescents’ mental health and cognitive performance, particularly on their executive functions that are still developing throughout adolescence. Finally, physical activity also affects the endocrine stress-regulation system: trained people reveal stronger reactivity and quicker regeneration when faced with stressful events.

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Schulz, KH., Meyer, A. & Langguth, N. Körperliche Aktivität und psychische Gesundheit. Bundesgesundheitsbl. 55, 55–65 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00103-011-1387-x

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