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Notfallmedizinische Versorgung von Blitz- und Stromschlagverletzungen

Emergency treatment of injuries following lightning and electrical accidents

  • Notfallmedizin
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Zusammenfassung

Das Verletzungsmuster und die Behandlung nach Elektrounfall variieren je nachdem, ob die Schädigung durch Haushaltsstrom, Hochvoltstrom oder Blitzschlag erfolgte. Die Gewebsschädigung wird durch die direkte Stromwirkung auf die Zellmembranen und durch die Umwandlung von elektrischer Energie in Hitze verursacht. In Abhängigkeit von Energiestärke und Dauer der Einwirkung werden Herzrhythmusstörungen, Schädigung des Nervengewebes, ausgedehnte Verbrennungen und Schock beobachtet. Mehrfachverletzungen sind häufig und entstehen entweder durch den direkten Stromeinfluss oder sekundär durch Trauma. Die Rettung von Stromverletzten darf nur unter strenger Beachtung des Selbstschutzes erfolgen. Bei Hochspannungsunfällen müssen die Helfer in einem Sicherheitsabstand warten, bis das elektrische Netz durch Fachleute abgeschaltet und gesichert ist. Analgesie, Anxiolyse und Infusionen mit Kristalloiden sind v. a. nach Verletzung mit Hochspannung erforderlich. Bei Verbrennungen im Gesichts- und Nackenbereich kann eine frühzeitige Sicherung der Atemwege erforderlich werden. Die Überwachung bei Stromverletzten erfolgt mit Elektrokardiographie, Blutdruckmessung und Pulsoxymetrie; die größte Aufmerksamkeit gilt dem bewusstlosen Patienten mit Atem- und Herzkreislaufstillstand. Reanimationsmaßnahmen bei Stromunfallopfern werden nach den gültigen Richtlinien durchgeführt und können auch nach verzögertem Beginn und nach langer Dauer erfolgreich sein.

Abstract

The pattern of injuries following electrical accidents and the treatment by emergency teams differ depending on whether exposure was to a low-voltage or high-voltage power source or to a lightning bolt. Tissue damage results from the direct effect of current on cell membranes and from conversion of electrical energy into heat. Depending on the magnitude of electrical energy and the duration of exposure, cardiac dysrhythmia, damage to nerve tissue, extensive burns and shock may occur. Multi-system injury is frequently observed, either directly related to electrical shock or secondary to concurrent trauma. Extrication of victims from the energy field must be performed under strict observance of self-protection measures for the rescuers. In high-voltage incidents the rescuers must wait at a distance until the power supply has been turned off and demonstrably grounded. Analgesia, anxiolysis and administration of crystalloid fluids are needed, especially for injuries from high-voltage power sources. Severe burns of the face and neck call for early intubation and ventilation. Monitoring is performed with pulsoximetry, blood pressure measurement and ECG, giving highest priority to the unconscious patient with cardiac and respiratory arrest. Cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (CPR) follows the international guidelines for resuscitation and may be effective after delayed onset and even after prolonged resuscitation attempts.

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Lederer, W., Kroesen, G. Notfallmedizinische Versorgung von Blitz- und Stromschlagverletzungen. Anaesthesist 54, 1120–1129 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00101-005-0910-6

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