Skip to main content
Registrieren
Springerpflege
SUCHE
MENÜ 1 2 3 4
nach oben

Tipp

Weitere Artikel dieser Ausgabe durch Wischen aufrufen

Erschienen in: Notfall + Rettungsmedizin 8/2015

01.12.2015 | ERC Leitlinien

Lebensrettende Maßnahmen bei Kindern („paediatric life support“)

Kapitel 6 der Leitlinien zur Reanimation 2015 des European Resuscitation Council

verfasst von: I.K. Maconochie, R. Bingham, C. Eich, J. López-Herce, A. Rodríguez-Núñez, T. Rajka, P. Van de Voorde, D.A. Zideman, D. Biarent

Erschienen in: Notfall + Rettungsmedizin | Ausgabe 8/2015

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Auszug

Die Leitlinien 2015 zu den lebensrettenden Maßnahmen bei Kindern [„paediatric life support“ (PLS)] basieren auf drei wichtigen Prinzipien:
1.
Die Inzidenz kritischer Erkrankungen oder Verletzungen, insbesondere die eines manifesten Atem-Kreislauf-Stillstands, ist bei Kindern wesentlich niedriger als bei Erwachsenen.
 
2.
Die Erkrankungen und pathophysiologischen Abläufe des pädiatrischen Patienten unterscheiden sich von denen des Erwachsenen.
 
3.
Die Mehrzahl kindlicher Notfälle wird primär von pädiatrisch nicht spezialisierten Helfern versorgt, die nur über eine eingeschränkte Erfahrung mit pädiatrischen Notfällen verfügen.
 
…
Vorheriger Artikel Postreanimationsbehandlung
Nächster Artikel Die Versorgung und Reanimation des Neugeborenen
Literatur
1.
Zideman D, Bingham R, Beattie T et al (1994) Guidelines for paediatric life support: a Statement by the Paediatric Life Support Working Party of the European Resuscitation Council, 1993. Resuscitation 27:91–105 CrossRef
2.
European Resuscitation Council (1998) Paediatric life support: (including the recommendations for resuscitation of babies at birth). Resuscitation 37:95–96 CrossRef
3.
Phillips B, Zideman D, Wyllie J, Richmond S, van Reempts P (2001) European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2000 for Newly Born Life Support. A statement from the Paediatric Life Support Working Group and approved by the Executive Committee of the European Resuscitation Council. Resuscitation 48:235–239 PubMedCrossRef
4.
Biarent D, Bingham R, Richmond S et al (2005) European Resuscitation Council guidelines for resuscitation 2005. Section 6. Paediatric life support. Resuscitation 67(Suppl 1):S97–S133 PubMedCrossRef
5.
Biarent D, Bingham R, Eich C et al (2010) European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2010 Section 6. Paediatric life support. Resuscitation 81:1364–1388 PubMedCrossRef
6.
American Heart Association in collaboration with International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (2000) Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care – An International Consensus on Science. Resuscitation 46:3–430 CrossRef
7.
American Heart Association in collaboration with International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (2000) Guidelines 2000 for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care: International Consensus on Science. Circulation 102(Suppl I):I-46–I-48
8.
International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (2005) 2005 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations. Part 6: paediatric basic and advanced life support. Resuscitation 67:271–291 CrossRef
9.
Kleinman ME, Chameides L, Schexnayder SM et al (2010) Special Report – Pediatric Advanced Life Support: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Pediatrics 5:1–9
10.
de Caen AR, Kleinman ME, Chameides L et al (2010) Part 10: Paediatric basic and advanced life support: 2010 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations. Resuscitation 81(Suppl 1):e213–e259 PubMedCrossRef
11.
Morley PT, Lang E, Aickin R et al (2015) Part 2: Evidence Evaluation and Management of Conflict of Interest for the ILCOR 2015 Consensus on Science and Treatment Recommendations. Resuscitation Resuscitation 95:e33–e34
12.
Machonochie I et al (o J) Part 6: Pediatric Advanced Life Support: 2015 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations. Resuscitation (im Druck)
13.
DeCaen A et al (o J) Part 6: Pediatric Advanced Life Support: 2015 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations. Circulation (im Druck)
14.
Wyllie J, Jos Bruinenberg J, Roehr CC, Rüdiger M, Trevisanuto DBU (2015) European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015. Section 7 Resuscitation and Support of Transition of Babies at Birth. Resuscitation 95:248–262
15.
Zideman DA, De Buck EDJ, Singletary EM et al (2015) European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015. Section 9 First Aid. Resuscitation 95:277–286
16.
Greif R, Lockey AS, Conaghan P, Lippert A, De Vries W, Monsieurs KG (2015) European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015. Section 10 Principles of Education in Resuscitation. Resuscitation 95:287–300
17.
Bossaert L, Perkins GD, Askitopoulou H et al (2015) European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015. Section 11 The Ethics of Resuscitation and End-of-Life Decisions. Resuscitation 95:301–310
18.
Safranek DJ, Eisenberg MS, Larsen MP (1992) The epidemiology of cardiac arrest in young adults. Ann Emerg Med 21:1102–1106 PubMedCrossRef
19.
Marsch S, Tschan F, Semmer NK, Zobrist R, Hunziker PR, Hunziker S (2013) ABC versus CAB for cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a prospective, randomized simulator-based trial. Swiss Med Wkly 143:w13856 PubMed
20.
Lubrano R, Cecchetti C, Bellelli E et al (2012) Comparison of times of intervention during pediatric CPR maneuvers using ABC and CAB sequences: a randomized trial. Resuscitation 83:1473–1477 PubMedCrossRef
21.
Sekiguchi H, Kondo Y, Kukita I (2013) Verification of changes in the time taken to initiate chest compressions according to modified basic life support guidelines. Am J Emerg Med 31:1248–1250 PubMedCrossRef
22.
Kuisma M, Suominen P, Korpela R (1995) Paediatric out-of-hospital cardiac arrests: epidemiology and outcome. Resuscitation 30:141–150 PubMedCrossRef
23.
Kyriacou DN, Arcinue EL, Peek C, Kraus JF (1994) Effect of immediate resuscitation on children with submersion injury. Pediatrics 94(pt 1):137–142 PubMed
24.
Berg RA, Hilwig RW, Kern KB, Ewy GA (2000) „Bystander“ chest compressions and assisted ventilation independently improve outcome from piglet asphyxial pulseless „cardiac arrest“. Circulation 101:1743–1748 PubMedCrossRef
25.
Kitamura T, Iwami T, Kawamura T et al (2010) Conventional and chest-compression-only cardiopulmonary resuscitation by bystanders for children who have out-of-hospital cardiac arrests: a prospective, nationwide, population-based cohort study. Lancet 375:1347–1354 PubMedCrossRef
26.
Goto Y, Maeda T, Goto Y (2014) Impact of dispatcher-assisted bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation on neurological outcomes in children with out-of-hospital cardiac arrests: a prospective, nationwide, population-based cohort study. J Am Heart Assoc 3:e000499 PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
27.
Tibballs J, Russell P (2009) Reliability of pulse palpation by healthcare personnel to diagnose paediatric cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 80:61–64 PubMedCrossRef
28.
Tibballs J, Weeranatna C (2010) The influence of time on the accuracy of healthcare personnel to diagnose paediatric cardiac arrest by pulse palpation. Resuscitation 81:671–675 PubMedCrossRef
29.
Maconochie I, de Caen A, Aickin R et al (2015) Part 6: Pediatric Basic Life Support and Pediatric Advanced Life Support: 2015 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations. Resuscitation 95:e149–e170
30.
Sutton RM, French B, Niles DE et al (2014) 2010 American Heart Association recommended compression depths during pediatric in-hospital resuscitations are associated with survival. Resuscitation 85:1179–1184 PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
31.
Perkins GD, Handley AJ, Koster KW et al (2015) European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015. Section 2 Adult Basic Life Support and Automated External Defibrillation. Resuscitation 95:81–98
32.
Redding JS (1979) The choking controversy: critique of evidence on the Heimlich maneuver. Crit Care Med 7:475–479 PubMedCrossRef
33.
Sirbaugh PE, Pepe PE, Shook JE et al (1999) A prospective, population-based study of the demographics, epidemiology, management, and outcome of out-of-hospital pediatric cardiopulmonary arrest. Ann Emerg Med 33:174–184 PubMedCrossRef
34.
Hickey RW, Cohen DM, Strausbaugh S, Dietrich AM (1995) Pediatric patients requiring CPR in the prehospital setting. Ann Emerg Med 25:495–501 PubMedCrossRef
35.
Young KD, Seidel JS (1999) Pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a collective review. Ann Emerg Med 33:195–205 PubMedCrossRef
36.
Reis AG, Nadkarni V, Perondi MB, Grisi S, Berg RA (2002) A prospective investigation into the epidemiology of in-hospital pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation using the international Utstein reporting style. Pediatrics 109:200–209 PubMedCrossRef
37.
Young KD, Gausche-Hill M, McClung CD, Lewis RJ (2004) A prospective, population-based study of the epidemiology and outcome of out-of-hospital pediatric cardiopulmonary arrest. Pediatrics 114:157–164 PubMedCrossRef
38.
Rajan S, Wissenberg M, Folke F et al (2015) Out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in children and adolescents: incidences, outcomes, and household socioeconomic status. Resuscitation 88:12–19 PubMedCrossRef
39.
Gupta P, Tang X, Gall CM, Lauer C, Rice TB, Wetzel RC (2014) Epidemiology and outcomes of in-hospital cardiac arrest in critically ill children across hospitals of varied center volume: a multi-center analysis. Resuscitation 85:1473–1479 PubMedCrossRef
40.
Nishiuchi T, Hayashino Y, Iwami T et al (2014) Epidemiological characteristics of sudden cardiac arrest in schools. Resuscitation 85:1001–1006 PubMedCrossRef
41.
Winkel BG, Risgaard B, Sadjadieh G, Bundgaard H, Haunso S, Tfelt-Hansen J (2014) Sudden cardiac death in children (1–18 years): symptoms and causes of death in a nationwide setting. Eur Heart J 35:868–875 PubMedCrossRef
42.
Pilmer CM, Kirsh JA, Hildebrandt D, Krahn AD, Gow RM (2014) Sudden cardiac death in children and adolescents between 1 and 19 years of age. Heart Rhythm 11:239–245 PubMedCrossRef
43.
Richman PB, Nashed AH (1999) The etiology of cardiac arrest in children and young adults: special considerations for ED management. Am J Emerg Med 17:264–270 PubMedCrossRef
44.
Engdahl J, Bang A, Karlson BW, Lindqvist J, Herlitz J (2003) Characteristics and outcome among patients suffering from out of hospital cardiac arrest of non-cardiac aetiology. Resuscitation 57:33–41 PubMedCrossRef
45.
46.
Meert KL, Donaldson A, Nadkarni V et al (2009) Multicenter cohort study of in-hospital pediatric cardiac arrest. Pediatr Crit Care Med 10:544–553 PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
47.
Donoghue AJ, Nadkarni V, Berg RA et al (2005) Out-of-hospital pediatric cardiac arrest: an epidemiologic review and assessment of current knowledge. Ann Emerg Med 46:512–522 PubMedCrossRef
48.
Bray JE, Di Palma S, Jacobs I, Straney L, Finn J (2014) Trends in the incidence of presumed cardiac out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Perth, Western Australia, 1997–2010. Resuscitation 85:757–761 PubMedCrossRef
49.
Mitani Y, Ohta K, Ichida F et al (2014) Circumstances and outcomes of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in elementary and middle school students in the era of public-access defibrillation. Circ J 78:701–707 PubMed
50.
Lin YR, Wu HP, Chen WL et al (2013) Predictors of survival and neurologic outcomes in children with traumatic out-of-hospital cardiac arrest during the early postresuscitative period. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 75:439–447 PubMedCrossRef
51.
Zeng J, Qian S, Zheng M, Wang Y, Zhou G, Wang H (2013) The epidemiology and resuscitation effects of cardiopulmonary arrest among hospitalized children and adolescents in Beijing: an observational study. Resuscitation 84:1685–1690 PubMedCrossRef
52.
Cheung W, Middleton P, Davies S, Tummala S, Thanakrishnan G, Gullick J (2013) A comparison of survival following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Sydney, Australia, between 2004–2005 and 2009–2010. Crit Care Resusc 15:241–246 PubMed
53.
Nitta M, Kitamura T, Iwami T et al (2013) Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to drowning among children and adults from the Utstein Osaka Project. Resuscitation 84:1568–1573 PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
54.
Dyson K, Morgans A, Bray J, Matthews B, Smith K (2013) Drowning related out-of-hospital cardiac arrests: characteristics and outcomes. Resuscitation 84:1114–1118 PubMedCrossRef
55.
De Maio VJ, Osmond MH, Stiell IG et al (2012) Epidemiology of out-of hospital pediatric cardiac arrest due to trauma. Prehosp Emerg Care 16:230–236 PubMedCrossRef
56.
Deasy C, Bray J, Smith K et al (2012) Paediatric traumatic out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in Melbourne, Australia. Resuscitation 83:471–475 PubMedCrossRef
57.
Knight LJ, Gabhart JM, Earnest KS, Leong KM, Anglemyer A, Franzon D (2014) Improving code team performance and survival outcomes: implementation of pediatric resuscitation team training. Crit Care Med 42:243–251 PubMedCrossRef
58.
Tibballs J, Kinney S (2009) Reduction of hospital mortality and of preventable cardiac arrest and death on introduction of a pediatric medical emergency team. Pediatr Crit Care Med 10:306–312 PubMedCrossRef
59.
Chan PS, Jain R, Nallmothu BK, Berg RA, Sasson C (2010) Rapid response teams: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med 170:18–26 PubMedCrossRef
60.
Hunt EA, Zimmer KP, Rinke ML et al (2008) Transition from a traditional code team to a medical emergency team and categorization of cardiopulmonary arrests in a children’s center. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 162:117–122 PubMedCrossRef
61.
Sharek PJ, Parast LM, Leong K et al (2007) Effect of a rapid response team on hospital-wide mortality and code rates outside the ICU in a Children’s Hospital. JAMA 298:2267–2674 PubMedCrossRef
62.
Brilli RJ, Gibson R, Luria JW et al (2007) Implementation of a medical emergency team in a large pediatric teaching hospital prevents respiratory and cardiopulmonary arrests outside the intensive care unit. Pediatr Crit Care Med 8:236–246 PubMedCrossRef
63.
Tibballs J, Kinney S, Duke T, Oakley E, Hennessy M (2005) Reduction of paediatric in-patient cardiac arrest and death with a medical emergency team: preliminary results. Arch Dis Child 90:1148–1152 PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
64.
Kotsakis A, Lobos AT, Parshuram C et al (2011) Implementation of a multicenter rapid response system in pediatric academic hospitals is effective. Pediatrics 128:72–78 PubMedCrossRef
65.
Anwar-ul-Haque, Saleem AF, Zaidi S, Haider SR (2010) Experience of pediatric rapid response team in a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan. Indian J Pediatr 77:273–276
66.
Bonafide CP, Localio AR, Song L et al (2014) Cost-benefit analysis of a medical emergency team in a children’s hospital. Pediatrics 134:235–241 PubMedCrossRef
67.
Hayes LW, Dobyns EL, DiGiovine B et al (2012) A multicenter collaborative approach to reducing pediatric codes outside the ICU. Pediatrics 129:e785–e791 PubMedCrossRef
68.
Zenker P, Schlesinger A, Hauck M et al (2007) Implementation and impact of a rapid response team in a children’s hospital. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf 33:418–425 PubMed
69.
Hanson CC, Randolph GD, Erickson JA et al (2009) A reduction in cardiac arrests and duration of clinical instability after implementation of a paediatric rapid response system. Qual Saf Health Care 18:500–504 PubMed
70.
Panesar R, Polikoff LA, Harris D, Mills B, Messina C, Parker MM (2014) Characteristics and outcomes of pediatric rapid response teams before and after mandatory triggering by an elevated Pediatric Early Warning System (PEWS) score. Hosp Pediatr 4:135–140 PubMedCrossRef
71.
Randhawa S, Roberts-Turner R, Woronick K, DuVal J (2011) Implementing and sustaining evidence-based nursing practice to reduce pediatric cardiopulmonary arrest. West J Nurs Res 33:443–456 PubMedCrossRef
72.
Harrison DA, Patel K, Nixon E et al (2014) Development and validation of risk models to predict outcomes following in-hospital cardiac arrest attended by a hospital-based resuscitation team. Resuscitation 85:993–1000 PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
73.
Tirkkonen J, Nurmi J, Olkkola KT, Tenhunen J, Hoppu S (2014) Cardiac arrest teams and medical emergency teams in Finland: a nationwide cross-sectional postal survey. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 58:420–427 PubMedCrossRef
74.
Ludikhuize J, Borgert M, Binnekade J, Subbe C, Dongelmans D, Goossens A (2014) Standardized measurement of the Modified Early Warning Score results in enhanced implementation of a Rapid Response System: a quasi-experimental study. Resuscitation 85:676–682 PubMedCrossRef
75.
Chaiyakulsil C, Pandee U (2015) Validation of pediatric early warning score in pediatric emergency department. Pediatr Int 57(4):694–698 PubMedCrossRef
76.
Zuo C, Zhu Y (2014) [Development and applications of pediatric early warning score]. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi 52:712–714 PubMed
77.
Gold DL, Mihalov LK, Cohen DM (2014) Evaluating the Pediatric Early Warning Score (PEWS) system for admitted patients in the pediatric emergency department. Acad Emerg Med 21:1249–1256 PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
78.
Watson A, Skipper C, Steury R, Walsh H, Levin A (2014) Inpatient nursing care and early warning scores: a workflow mismatch. J Nurs Care Qual 29:215–222 PubMedCrossRef
79.
Breslin K, Marx J, Hoffman H, McBeth R, Pavuluri P (2014) Pediatric early warning score at time of emergency department disposition is associated with level of care. Pediatr Emerg Care 30:97–103 PubMedCrossRef
80.
Bonafide CP, Localio AR, Roberts KE, Nadkarni VM, Weirich CM, Keren R (2014) Impact of rapid response system implementation on critical deterioration events in children. JAMA Pediatr 168:25–33 PubMedCrossRef
81.
Seiger N, Maconochie I, Oostenbrink R, Moll HA (2013) Validity of different pediatric early warning scores in the emergency department. Pediatrics 132:e841–e850 PubMedCrossRef
82.
Solevag AL, Eggen EH, Schroder J, Nakstad B (2013) Use of a modified pediatric early warning score in a department of pediatric and adolescent medicine. PLoS One 8:e72534 PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
83.
McLellan MC, Gauvreau K, Connor JA (2014) Validation of the Cardiac Children’s Hospital Early Warning Score: an early warning scoring tool to prevent cardiopulmonary arrests in children with heart disease. Congenit Heart Dis 9:194–202 PubMedCrossRef
84.
Bell D, Mac A, Ochoa Y, Gordon M, Gregurich MA, Taylor T (2013) The Texas Children’s Hospital Pediatric Advanced Warning Score as a predictor of clinical deterioration in hospitalized infants and children: a modification of the PEWS tool. J Pediatr Nurs 28:e2–e9 PubMedCrossRef
85.
Robson MA, Cooper CL, Medicus LA, Quintero MJ, Zuniga SA (2013) Comparison of three acute care pediatric early warning scoring tools. J Pediatr Nurs 28:e33–e41 PubMedCrossRef
86.
Petrillo-Albarano T, Stockwell J, Leong T, Hebbar K (2012) The use of a modified pediatric early warning score to assess stability of pediatric patients during transport. Pediatr Emerg Care 28:878–882 PubMedCrossRef
87.
McLellan MC, Connor JA (2013) The Cardiac Children’s Hospital Early Warning Score (C-CHEWS). J Pediatr Nurs 28:171–178 PubMedCrossRef
88.
Sweney JS, Poss WB, Grissom CK, Keenan HT (2012) Comparison of severity of illness scores to physician clinical judgment for potential use in pediatric critical care triage. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 6:126–130 PubMedCrossRef
89.
Bonafide CP, Holmes JH, Nadkarni VM, Lin R, Landis JR, Keren R (2012) Development of a score to predict clinical deterioration in hospitalized children. J Hosp Med 7:345–349 PubMedCrossRef
90.
Parshuram CS, Duncan HP, Joffe AR et al (2011) Multicentre validation of the bedside paediatric early warning system score: a severity of illness score to detect evolving critical illness in hospitalised children. Crit Care 15:R184 PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
91.
Akre M, Finkelstein M, Erickson M, Liu M, Vanderbilt L, Billman G (2010) Sensitivity of the pediatric early warning score to identify patient deterioration. Pediatrics 125:e763–e769 PubMedCrossRef
92.
Parshuram CS, Hutchison J, Middaugh K (2009) Development and initial validation of the Bedside Paediatric Early Warning System score. Crit Care 13:R135 PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
93.
Tucker KM, Brewer TL, Baker RB, Demeritt B, Vossmeyer MT (2009) Prospective evaluation of a pediatric inpatient early warning scoring system. J Spec Pediatr Nurs 14:79–85 PubMedCrossRef
94.
Egdell P, Finlay L, Pedley DK (2008) The PAWS score: validation of an early warning scoring system for the initial assessment of children in the emergency department. Emerg Med J 25:745–749 PubMed
95.
Edwards ED, Powell CV, Mason BW, Oliver A (2009) Prospective cohort study to test the predictability of the Cardiff and Vale paediatric early warning system. Arch Dis Child 94:602–606 PubMedCrossRef
96.
Duncan H, Hutchison J, Parshuram CS (2006) The Pediatric Early Warning System score: a severity of illness score to predict urgent medical need in hospitalized children. J Crit Care 21:271–278 PubMedCrossRef
97.
Fleming S, Thompson M, Stevens R et al (2011) Normal ranges of heart rate and respiratory rate in children from birth to 18 years of age: a systematic review of observational studies. Lancet 377:1011–1018 PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
98.
Carcillo JA (2003) Pediatric septic shock and multiple organ failure. Crit Care Clin 19:413–440, viii PubMedCrossRef
99.
Eberle B, Dick WF, Schneider T, Wisser G, Doetsch S, Tzanova I (1996) Checking the carotid pulse check: diagnostic accuracy of first responders in patients with and without a pulse. Resuscitation 33:107–116 PubMedCrossRef
100.
Tsung JW, Blaivas M (2008) Feasibility of correlating the pulse check with focused point-of-care echocardiography during pediatric cardiac arrest: a case series. Resuscitation 77:264–269 PubMedCrossRef
101.
Inagawa G, Morimura N, Miwa T, Okuda K, Hirata M, Hiroki K (2003) A comparison of five techniques for detecting cardiac activity in infants. Paediatr Anaesth 13:141–146 PubMedCrossRef
102.
Moule P (2000) Checking the carotid pulse: diagnostic accuracy in students of the healthcare professions. Resuscitation 44:195–201 PubMedCrossRef
103.
Lapostolle F, Le Toumelin P, Agostinucci JM, Catineau J, Adnet F (2004) Basic cardiac life support providers checking the carotid pulse: performance, degree of conviction, and influencing factors. Acad Emerg Med 11:878–880 PubMedCrossRef
104.
Frederick K, Bixby E, Orzel MN, Stewart-Brown S, Willett K (2002) Will changing the emphasis from ‚pulseless‘ to ‚no signs of circulation‘ improve the recall scores for effective life support skills in children? Resuscitation 55:255–261 PubMedCrossRef
105.
Kus A, Gok CN, Hosten T, Gurkan Y, Solak M, Toker K (2014) The LMA-Supreme versus the I-gel in simulated difficult airway in children: a randomised study. Eur J Anaesthesiol 31:280–284 PubMedCrossRef
106.
Theiler LG, Kleine-Brueggeney M, Kaiser D et al (2009) Crossover comparison of the laryngeal mask supreme and the i-gel in simulated difficult airway scenario in anesthetized patients. Anesthesiology 111:55–62 PubMedCrossRef
107.
Dolister M, Miller S, Borron S et al (2013) Intraosseous vascular access is safe, effective and costs less than central venous catheters for patients in the hospital setting. J Vasc Access 14:216–224 PubMedCrossRef
108.
Levy B, Perez P, Perny J, Thivilier C, Gerard A (2011) Comparison of norepinephrine-dobutamine to epinephrine for hemodynamics, lactate metabolism, and organ function variables in cardiogenic shock. A prospective, randomized pilot study. Crit Care Med 39:450–455 PubMedCrossRef
109.
Rudiger A, Singer M (2013) The heart in sepsis: from basic mechanisms to clinical management. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 11:187–195 PubMed
110.
Ohchi F, Komasawa N, Mihara R, Minami T (2015) Comparison of mechanical and manual bone marrow puncture needle for intraosseous access; a randomized simulation trial. Springerplus 4:211
111.
Maitland K, Kiguli S, Opoka RO et al (2011) Mortality after fluid bolus in African children with severe infection. N Engl J Med 364:2483–2495 PubMedCrossRef
112.
Maitland K, George EC, Evans JA et al (2013) Exploring mechanisms of excess mortality with early fluid resuscitation: insights from the FEAST trial. BMC Med 11:68 PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
113.
Kelm DJ, Perrin JT, Cartin-Ceba R, Gajic O, Schenck L, Kennedy CC (2015) Fluid overload in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock treated with early goal-directed therapy is associated with increased acute need for fluid-related medical interventions and hospital death. Shock 43:68–73 PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
114.
Dung NM, Day NP, Tam DT et al (1999) Fluid replacement in dengue shock syndrome: a randomized, double-blind comparison of four intravenous-fluid regimens. Clin Infect Dis 29:787–794 PubMedCrossRef
115.
Ngo NT, Cao XT, Kneen R et al (2001) Acute management of dengue shock syndrome: a randomized double-blind comparison of 4 intravenous fluid regimens in the first hour. Clin Infect Dis 32:204–213 PubMedCrossRef
116.
Wills BA, Nguyen MD, Ha TL et al (2005) Comparison of three fluid solutions for resuscitation in dengue shock syndrome. N Engl J Med 353:877–889 PubMedCrossRef
117.
Upadhyay M, Singhi S, Murlidharan J, Kaur N, Majumdar S (2005) Randomized evaluation of fluid resuscitation with crystalloid (saline) and colloid (polymer from degraded gelatin in saline) in pediatric septic shock. Indian Pediatr 42:223–231 PubMed
118.
Santhanam I, Sangareddi S, Venkataraman S, Kissoon N, Thiruvengadamudayan V, Kasthuri RK (2008) A prospective randomized controlled study of two fluid regimens in the initial management of septic shock in the emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care 24:647–655 PubMedCrossRef
119.
Carcillo JA, Davis AL, Zaritsky A (1991) Role of early fluid resuscitation in pediatric septic shock. JAMA 266:1242–1245 PubMedCrossRef
120.
Sutton RM, Friess SH, Bhalala U et al (2013) Hemodynamic directed CPR improves short-term survival from asphyxia-associated cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 84:696–701 PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
121.
Friess SH, Sutton RM, Bhalala U et al (2013) Hemodynamic directed cardiopulmonary resuscitation improves short-term survival from ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med 41:2698–2704 PubMedCrossRef
122.
Rechner JA, Loach VJ, Ali MT, Barber VS, Young JD, Mason DG (2007) A comparison of the laryngeal mask airway with facemask and oropharyngeal airway for manual ventilation by critical care nurses in children. Anaesthesia 62:790–795 PubMedCrossRef
123.
Blevin AE, McDouall SF, Rechner JA et al (2009) A comparison of the laryngeal mask airway with the facemask and oropharyngeal airway for manual ventilation by first responders in children. Anaesthesia 64:1312–1316 PubMedCrossRef
124.
Xue FS, Wang Q, Yuan YJ, Xiong J, Liao X (2010) Comparison of the I-gel supraglottic airway as a conduit for tracheal intubation with the intubating laryngeal mask airway. Resuscitation 81:910–911. (Autorenantwort 911) PubMedCrossRef
125.
Larkin C, King B, D’Agapeyeff A, Gabbott D (2012) iGel supraglottic airway use during hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 83:e141 PubMedCrossRef
126.
Park C, Bahk JH, Ahn WS, Do SH, Lee KH (2001) The laryngeal mask airway in infants and children. Can J Anaesth 48:413–417 PubMedCrossRef
127.
Harnett M, Kinirons B, Heffernan A, Motherway C, Casey W (2000) Airway complications in infants: comparison of laryngeal mask airway and the facemask-oral airway. Can J Anaesth 47:315–318 PubMedCrossRef
128.
Hedges JR, Mann NC, Meischke H, Robbins M, Goldberg R, Zapka J (1998) Assessment of chest pain onset and out-of-hospital delay using standardized interview questions: the REACT Pilot Study. Rapid Early Action for Coronary Treatment (REACT) Study Group. Acad Emerg Med 5:773–780 PubMedCrossRef
129.
Murphy-Macabobby M, Marshall WJ, Schneider C, Dries D (1992) Neuromuscular blockade in aeromedical airway management. Ann Emerg Med 21:664–668 PubMedCrossRef
130.
Sayre M, Weisgerber I (1992) The use of neuromuscular blocking agents by air medical services. J Air Med Transp 11:7–11 PubMedCrossRef
131.
Rose W, Anderson L, Edmond S (1994) Analysis of intubations. Before and after establishment of a rapid sequence intubation protocol for air medical use. Air Med J 13:475–478 PubMedCrossRef
132.
Sing RF, Reilly PM, Rotondo MF, Lynch MJ, McCans JP, Schwab CW (1996) Out-of-hospital rapid-sequence induction for intubation of the pediatric patient. Acad Emerg Med 3:41–45 PubMedCrossRef
133.
Ma OJ, Atchley RB, Hatley T, Green M, Young J, Brady W (1998) Intubation success rates improve for an air medical program after implementing the use of neuromuscular blocking agents. Am J Emerg Med 16:125–127 PubMedCrossRef
134.
Tayal V, Riggs R, Marx J, Tomaszewski C, Schneider R (1999) Rapid-sequence intubation at an emergency medicine residency: success rate and adverse events during a two-year period. Acad Emerg Med 6:31–37 PubMedCrossRef
135.
Wang HE, Kupas DF, Paris PM, Bates RR, Costantino JP, Yealy DM (2003) Multivariate predictors of failed prehospital endotracheal intubation. Acad Emerg Med 10:717–724 PubMedCrossRef
136.
Pepe P, Zachariah B, Chandra N (1991) Invasive airway technique in resuscitation. Ann Emerg Med 22:393–403 CrossRef
137.
Kaye K, Frascone RJ, Held T (2003) Prehospital rapid-sequence intubation: a pilot training program. Prehosp Emerg Care 7:235–240 PubMedCrossRef
138.
Eich C, Roessler M, Nemeth M, Russo SG, Heuer JF, Timmermann A (2009) Characteristics and outcome of prehospital paediatric tracheal intubation attended by anaesthesia-trained emergency physicians. Resuscitation 80:1371–1377 PubMedCrossRef
139.
Khine HH, Corddry DH, Kettrick RG et al (1997) Comparison of cuffed and uncuffed endotracheal tubes in young children during general anesthesia. Anesthesiology 86:627–631. (Diskussion 27A) PubMedCrossRef
140.
Weiss M, Dullenkopf A, Fischer JE, Keller C, Gerber AC (2009) Prospective randomized controlled multi-centre trial of cuffed or uncuffed endotracheal tubes in small children. Br J Anaesth 103:867–873 PubMedCrossRef
141.
Duracher C, Schmautz E, Martinon C, Faivre J, Carli P, Orliaguet G (2008) Evaluation of cuffed tracheal tube size predicted using the Khine formula in children. Paediatr Anaesth 18:113–118 PubMed
142.
Dullenkopf A, Gerber AC, Weiss M (2005) Fit and seal characteristics of a new paediatric tracheal tube with high volume-low pressure polyurethane cuff. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 49:232–237 PubMedCrossRef
143.
Dullenkopf A, Kretschmar O, Knirsch W et al (2006) Comparison of tracheal tube cuff diameters with internal transverse diameters of the trachea in children. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 50:201–205 PubMedCrossRef
144.
Salgo B, Schmitz A, Henze G et al (2006) Evaluation of a new recommendation for improved cuffed tracheal tube size selection in infants and small children. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 50:557–561 PubMedCrossRef
145.
Luten RC, Wears RL, Broselow J et al (1992) Length-based endotracheal tube and emergency equipment in pediatrics. Ann Emerg Med 21:900–904 PubMedCrossRef
146.
Sandell JM, Maconochie IK, Jewkes F (2009) Prehospital paediatric emergency care: paediatric triage. Emerg Med J 26:767–768 PubMed
147.
Dorsey DP, Bowman SM, Klein MB, Archer D, Sharar SR (2010) Perioperative use of cuffed endotracheal tubes is advantageous in young pediatric burn patients. Burns 36:856–860 PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
148.
Deakers TW, Reynolds G, Stretton M, Newth CJ (1994) Cuffed endotracheal tubes in pediatric intensive care. J Pediatr 125:57–62 PubMedCrossRef
149.
Newth CJ, Rachman B, Patel N, Hammer J (2004) The use of cuffed versus uncuffed endotracheal tubes in pediatric intensive care. J Pediatr 144:333–337 PubMedCrossRef
150.
Mhanna MJ, Zamel YB, Tichy CM, Super DM (2002) The „air leak“ test around the endotracheal tube, as a predictor of postextubation stridor, is age dependent in children. Crit Care Med 30:2639–2643 PubMedCrossRef
151.
Katz SH, Falk JL (2001) Misplaced endotracheal tubes by paramedics in an urban emergency medical services system. Ann Emerg Med 37:32–37 PubMedCrossRef
152.
Gausche M, Lewis RJ, Stratton SJ et al (2000) Effect of out-of-hospital pediatric endotracheal intubation on survival and neurological outcome: a controlled clinical trial. JAMA 283:783–790 PubMedCrossRef
153.
Kelly JJ, Eynon CA, Kaplan JL, de Garavilla L, Dalsey WC (1998) Use of tube condensation as an indicator of endotracheal tube placement. Ann Emerg Med 31:575–578 PubMedCrossRef
154.
Andersen KH, Hald A (1989) Assessing the position of the tracheal tube: the reliability of different methods. Anaesthesia 44:984–985 PubMedCrossRef
155.
Andersen KH, Schultz-Lebahn T (1994) Oesophageal intubation can be undetected by auscultation of the chest. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 38:580–582 PubMedCrossRef
156.
Hartrey R, Kestin IG (1995) Movement of oral and nasal tracheal tubes as a result of changes in head and neck position. Anaesthesia 50:682–687 PubMedCrossRef
157.
Van de Louw A, Cracco C, Cerf C et al (2001) Accuracy of pulse oximetry in the intensive care unit. Intensive Care Med 27:1606–1613 PubMedCrossRef
158.
Seguin P, Le Rouzo A, Tanguy M, Guillou YM, Feuillu A, Malledant Y (2000) Evidence for the need of bedside accuracy of pulse oximetry in an intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 28:703–706 PubMedCrossRef
159.
Aufderheide TP, Sigurdsson G, Pirrallo RG et al (2004) Hyperventilation-induced hypotension during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Circulation 109:1960–1965 PubMedCrossRef
160.
Aufderheide TP, Lurie KG (2004) Death by hyperventilation: a common and life-threatening problem during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Crit Care Med 32:S345–S351 PubMedCrossRef
161.
Wik L, Kramer-Johansen J, Myklebust H et al (2005) Quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA 293:299–304 PubMedCrossRef
162.
Abella BS, Alvarado JP, Myklebust H et al (2005) Quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation during in-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA 293:305–310 PubMedCrossRef
163.
Abella BS, Sandbo N, Vassilatos P et al (2005) Chest compression rates during cardiopulmonary resuscitation are suboptimal: a prospective study during in-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation 111:428–434 PubMedCrossRef
164.
Borke WB, Munkeby BH, Morkrid L, Thaulow E, Saugstad OD (2004) Resuscitation with 100 % O(2) does not protect the myocardium in hypoxic newborn piglets. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 89:F156–F160 PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
165.
O’Neill JF, Deakin CD (2007) Do we hyperventilate cardiac arrest patients? Resuscitation 73:82–85 CrossRef
166.
Gazmuri RJ, Ayoub IM, Radhakrishnan J, Motl J, Upadhyaya MP (2012) Clinically plausible hyperventilation does not exert adverse hemodynamic effects during CPR but markedly reduces end-tidal PCO(2). Resuscitation 83:259–264 PubMedCrossRef
167.
Del Castillo J, Lopez-Herce J, Matamoros M et al (2012) Hyperoxia, hypocapnia and hypercapnia as outcome factors after cardiac arrest in children. Resuscitation 83:1456–1461 PubMedCrossRef
168.
Stockinger ZT, McSwain NE Jr (2004) Prehospital endotracheal intubation for trauma does not improve survival over bag-valve-mask ventilation. J Trauma 56:531–536 PubMed
169.
Pitetti R, Glustein JZ, Bhende MS (2002) Prehospital care and outcome of pediatric out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Prehosp Emerg Care 6:283–290 PubMedCrossRef
170.
Bhende MS, Thompson AE, Orr RA (1992) Utility of an end-tidal carbon dioxide detector during stabilization and transport of critically ill children. Pediatrics 89(pt 1):1042–1044 PubMed
171.
Bhende MS, LaCovey DC (2001) End-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring in the prehospital setting. Prehosp Emerg Care 5:208–213 PubMedCrossRef
172.
Ornato JP, Shipley JB, Racht EM et al (1992) Multicenter study of a portable, hand-size, colorimetric end-tidal carbon dioxide detection device. Ann Emerg Med 21:518–523 PubMedCrossRef
173.
Gonzalez del Rey JA, Poirier MP, Digiulio GA (2000) Evaluation of an ambu-bag valve with a self-contained, colorimetric end-tidal CO 2 system in the detection of airway mishaps: an animal trial. Pediatr Emerg Care 16:121–123 PubMedCrossRef
174.
Bhende MS, Thompson AE (1995) Evaluation of an end-tidal CO 2 detector during pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Pediatrics 95:395–399 PubMed
175.
Bhende MS, Karasic DG, Karasic RB (1996) End-tidal carbon dioxide changes during cardiopulmonary resuscitation after experimental asphyxial cardiac arrest. Am J Emerg Med 14:349–350 PubMedCrossRef
176.
DeBehnke DJ, Hilander SJ, Dobler DW, Wickman LL, Swart GL (1995) The hemodynamic and arterial blood gas response to asphyxiation: a canine model of pulseless electrical activity. Resuscitation 30:169–175 PubMedCrossRef
177.
Ornato JP, Garnett AR, Glauser FL (1990) Relationship between cardiac output and the end-tidal carbon dioxide tension. Ann Emerg Med 19:1104–1106 PubMedCrossRef
178.
Mauer D, Schneider T, Elich D, Dick W (1998) Carbon dioxide levels during pre-hospital active compression – decompression versus standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 39:67–74 PubMedCrossRef
179.
Kolar M, Krizmaric M, Klemen P, Grmec S (2008) Partial pressure of end-tidal carbon dioxide successful predicts cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the field: a prospective observational study. Crit Care 12:R115 PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
180.
Callaham M, Barton C, Matthay M (1992) Effect of epinephrine on the ability of end-tidal carbon dioxide readings to predict initial resuscitation from cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med 20:337–343 PubMedCrossRef
181.
Cantineau JP, Merckx P, Lambert Y, Sorkine M, Bertrand C, Duvaldestin P (1994) Effect of epinephrine on end-tidal carbon dioxide pressure during prehospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Am J Emerg Med 12:267–270 PubMedCrossRef
182.
Chase PB, Kern KB, Sanders AB, Otto CW, Ewy GA (1993) Effects of graded doses of epinephrine on both noninvasive and invasive measures of myocardial perfusion and blood flow during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Crit Care Med 21:413–419 PubMedCrossRef
183.
Gonzalez ER, Ornato JP, Garnett AR, Levine RL, Young DS, Racht EM (1989) Dose-dependent vasopressor response to epinephrine during CPR in human beings. Ann Emerg Med 18:920–926 PubMedCrossRef
184.
Lindberg L, Liao Q, Steen S (2000) The effects of epinephrine/norepinephrine on end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration, coronary perfusion pressure and pulmonary arterial blood flow during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 43:129–140 PubMedCrossRef
185.
Falk JL, Rackow EC, Weil MH (1988) End-tidal carbon dioxide concentration during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. N Engl J Med 318:607–611 PubMedCrossRef
186.
Poirier MP, Gonzalez Del-Rey JA, McAneney CM, DiGiulio GA (1988) Utility of monitoring capnography, pulse oximetry, and vital signs in the detection of airway mishaps: a hyperoxemic animal model. Am J Emerg Med 16:350–352 CrossRef
187.
Lillis KA, Jaffe DM (1992) Prehospital intravenous access in children. Ann Emerg Med 21:1430–1434 PubMedCrossRef
188.
Neufeld JD, Marx JA, Moore EE, Light AI (1993) Comparison of intraosseous, central, and peripheral routes of crystalloid infusion for resuscitation of hemorrhagic shock in a swine model. J Trauma 34:422–428 PubMed
189.
Hedges JR, Barsan WB, Doan LA et al (1984) Central versus peripheral intravenous routes in cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Am J Emerg Med 2:385–390 PubMedCrossRef
190.
Reades R, Studnek JR, Vandeventer S, Garrett J (2011) Intraosseous versus intravenous vascular access during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Emerg Med 58:509–516 PubMedCrossRef
191.
Paxton JH, Knuth TE, Klausner HA (2009) Proximal humerus intraosseous infusion: a preferred emergency venous access. J Trauma 67:606–611 PubMed
192.
Santos D, Carron PN, Yersin B, Pasquier M (2013) EZ-IO(®) intraosseous device implementation in a pre-hospital emergency service: a prospective study and review of the literature. Resuscitation 84:440–445 PubMedCrossRef
193.
Reiter DA, Strother CG, Weingart SD (2013) The quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation using supraglottic airways and intraosseous devices: a simulation trial. Resuscitation 84:93–97 PubMedCrossRef
194.
Kanter RK, Zimmerman JJ, Strauss RH, Stoeckel KA (1986) Pediatric emergency intravenous access. Evaluation of a protocol. Am J Dis Child 140:132–134 PubMedCrossRef
195.
Banerjee S, Singhi SC, Singh S, Singh M (1994) The intraosseous route is a suitable alternative to intravenous route for fluid resuscitation in severely dehydrated children. Indian Pediatr 31:1511–1520 PubMed
196.
Anson JA (2014) Vascular access in resuscitation: is there a role for the intraosseous route? Anesthesiology 120:1015–1031 PubMedCrossRef
197.
Glaeser PW, Hellmich TR, Szewczuga D, Losek JD, Smith DS (1993) Five-year experience in prehospital intraosseous infusions in children and adults. Ann Emerg Med 22:1119–1124 PubMedCrossRef
198.
Guy J, Haley K, Zuspan SJ (1993) Use of intraosseous infusion in the pediatric trauma patient. J Pediatr Surg 28:158–161 PubMedCrossRef
199.
Orlowski JP, Julius CJ, Petras RE, Porembka DT, Gallagher JM (1989) The safety of intraosseous infusions: risks of fat and bone marrow emboli to the lungs. Ann Emerg Med 18:1062–1067 PubMedCrossRef
200.
Orlowski JP, Porembka DT, Gallagher JM, Lockrem JD, VanLente F (1990) Comparison study of intraosseous, central intravenous, and peripheral intravenous infusions of emergency drugs. Am J Dis Child 144:112–117 PubMed
201.
Ellemunter H, Simma B, Trawoger R, Maurer H (1990) Intraosseous lines in preterm and full term neonates. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 80:F74–F75 CrossRef
202.
Fiorito BA, Mirza F, Doran TM et al (2005) Intraosseous access in the setting of pediatric critical care transport. Pediatr Crit Care Med 6:50–53 PubMedCrossRef
203.
Horton MA, Beamer C (2008) Powered intraosseous insertion provides safe and effective vascular access for pediatric emergency patients. Pediatr Emerg Care 24:347–350 PubMedCrossRef
204.
Frascone RJ, Jensen J, Wewerka SS, Salzman JG (2009) Use of the pediatric EZ-IO needle by emergency medical services providers. Pediatr Emerg Care 25:329–332 PubMedCrossRef
205.
Neuhaus D, Weiss M, Engelhardt T et al (2010) Semi-elective intraosseous infusion after failed intravenous access in pediatric anesthesia. Paediatr Anaesth 20:168–171 PubMedCrossRef
206.
Cameron JL, Fontanarosa PB, Passalaqua AM (1989) A comparative study of peripheral to central circulation delivery times between intraosseous and intravenous injection using a radionuclide technique in normovolemic and hypovolemic canines. J Emerg Med 7:123–127 PubMedCrossRef
207.
Warren DW, Kissoon N, Sommerauer JF, Rieder MJ (1993) Comparison of fluid infusion rates among peripheral intravenous and humerus, femur, malleolus, and tibial intraosseous sites in normovolemic and hypovolemic piglets. Ann Emerg Med 22:183–186 PubMedCrossRef
208.
Buck ML, Wiggins BS, Sesler JM (2007) Intraosseous drug administration in children and adults during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Ann Pharmacother 41:1679–1686 PubMedCrossRef
209.
Hoskins SL, do Nascimento P Jr, Lima RM, Espana-Tenorio JM, Kramer GC (2012) Pharmacokinetics of intraosseous and central venous drug delivery during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 83:107–112 PubMedCrossRef
210.
Brickman KR, Krupp K, Rega P, Alexander J, Guinness M (1992) Typing and screening of blood from intraosseous access. Ann Emerg Med 21:414–417 PubMedCrossRef
211.
Johnson L, Kissoon N, Fiallos M, Abdelmoneim T, Murphy S (1999) Use of intraosseous blood to assess blood chemistries and hemoglobin during cardiopulmonary resuscitation with drug infusions. Crit Care Med 27:1147–1152 PubMedCrossRef
212.
Ummenhofer W, Frei FJ, Urwyler A, Drewe J (1994) Are laboratory values in bone marrow aspirate predictable for venous blood in paediatric patients? Resuscitation 27:123–128 PubMedCrossRef
213.
Abdelmoneim T, Kissoon N, Johnson L, Fiallos M, Murphy S (1999) Acid-base status of blood from intraosseous and mixed venous sites during prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitation and drug infusions. Crit Care Med 27:1923–1928 PubMedCrossRef
214.
Voelckel WG, Lindner KH, Wenzel V et al (2000) Intraosseous blood gases during hypothermia: correlation with arterial, mixed venous, and sagittal sinus blood. Crit Care Med 28:2915–2920 PubMedCrossRef
215.
Kissoon N, Peterson R, Murphy S, Gayle M, Ceithaml E, Harwood-Nuss A (1994) Comparison of pH and carbon dioxide tension values of central venous and intraosseous blood during changes in cardiac output. Crit Care Med 22:1010–1015 PubMedCrossRef
216.
Veldhoen ES, de Vooght KM, Slieker MG, Versluys AB, Turner NM (2014) Analysis of bloodgas, electrolytes and glucose from intraosseous samples using an i-STAT(®) point-of-care analyser. Resuscitation 85:359–363 PubMedCrossRef
217.
Ong ME, Chan YH, Oh JJ, Ngo AS (2009) An observational, prospective study comparing tibial and humeral intraosseous access using the EZ-IO. Am J Emerg Med 27:8–15 PubMedCrossRef
218.
Eisenkraft A, Gilat E, Chapman S, Baranes S, Egoz I, Levy A (2007) Efficacy of the bone injection gun in the treatment of organophosphate poisoning. Biopharm Drug Dispos 28:145–150 PubMedCrossRef
219.
Brenner T, Bernhard M, Helm M et al (2008) Comparison of two intraosseous infusion systems for adult emergency medical use. Resuscitation 78:314–319 PubMedCrossRef
220.
Turner DA, Kleinman ME (2010) The use of vasoactive agents via peripheral intravenous access during transport of critically ill infants and children. Pediatr Emerg Care 26:563–566 PubMedCrossRef
221.
Venkataraman ST, Orr RA, Thompson AE (1988) Percutaneous infraclavicular subclavian vein catheterization in critically ill infants and children. J Pediatr 113:480–485 PubMedCrossRef
222.
Fleisher G, Caputo G, Baskin M (1989) Comparison of external jugular and peripheral venous administration of sodium bicarbonate in puppies. Crit Care Med 17:251–254 PubMedCrossRef
223.
224.
Campbell RL, Bellolio MF, Knutson BD et al (2015) Epinephrine in anaphylaxis: higher risk of cardiovascular complications and overdose after administration of intravenous bolus epinephrine compared with intramuscular epinephrine. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 3:76–80 PubMedCrossRef
225.
Del Pizzo J, Callahan JM (2014) Intranasal medications in pediatric emergency medicine. Pediatr Emerg Care 30:496–501. (Quiz 502–504) PubMedCrossRef
226.
Leidel BA, Kirchhoff C, Bogner V, Braunstein V, Biberthaler P, Kanz KG (2012) Comparison of intraosseous versus central venous vascular access in adults under resuscitation in the emergency department with inaccessible peripheral veins. Resuscitation 83:40–45 PubMedCrossRef
227.
Stenzel JP, Green TP, Fuhrman BP, Carlson PE, Marchessault RP (1989) Percutaneous femoral venous catheterizations: a prospective study of complications. J Pediatr 114:411–415 PubMedCrossRef
228.
Quinton DN, O’Byrne G, Aitkenhead AR (1987) Comparison of endotracheal and peripheral intravenous adrenaline in cardiac arrest: is the endotracheal route reliable? Lancet 1:828–829 PubMedCrossRef
229.
Kleinman ME, Oh W, Stonestreet BS (1999) Comparison of intravenous and endotracheal epinephrine during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in newborn piglets. Crit Care Med 27:2748–2754 PubMedCrossRef
230.
Carcillo JA, Fields AI (2002) [Clinical practice parameters for hemodynamic support of pediatric and neonatal patients in septic shock]. J Pediatr (Rio J) 78:449–466
231.
Perel P, Roberts I, Ker K (2013) Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2:CD000567 PubMed
232.
Myburgh J, Cooper DJ, Finfer S et al (2007) Saline or albumin for fluid resuscitation in patients with traumatic brain injury. N Engl J Med 357:874–884 PubMedCrossRef
233.
Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Rhodes A et al (2013) Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock, 2012. Intensive Care Med 39:165–228 PubMedCrossRef
234.
Burdett E, Dushianthan A, Bennett-Guerrero E et al (2012) Perioperative buffered versus non-buffered fluid administration for surgery in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 12:CD004089 PubMed
235.
Shaw AD, Raghunathan K, Peyerl FW, Munson SH, Paluszkiewicz SM, Schermer CR (2014) Association between intravenous chloride load during resuscitation and in-hospital mortality among patients with SIRS. Intensive Care Med 40:1897–1905 PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
236.
Yunos NM, Bellomo R, Bailey M (2013) Chloride-restrictive fluid administration and incidence of acute kidney injury – reply. JAMA 309:543–544 PubMedCrossRef
237.
Yunos NM, Bellomo R, Hegarty C, Story D, Ho L, Bailey M (2012) Association between a chloride-liberal vs chloride-restrictive intravenous fluid administration strategy and kidney injury in critically ill adults. JAMA 308:1566–1572 PubMedCrossRef
238.
Elmer J, Wilcox SR, Raja AS (2013) Massive transfusion in traumatic shock. J Emerg Med 44:829–838 PubMedCrossRef
239.
Kua JP, Ong GY, Ng KC (2014) Physiologically-guided balanced resuscitation: an evidence-based approach for acute fluid management in paediatric major trauma. Ann Acad Med Singapore 43:595–604 PubMed
240.
Katz LM, Wang Y, Ebmeyer U, Radovsky A, Safar P (1998) Glucose plus insulin infusion improves cerebral outcome after asphyxial cardiac arrest. Neuroreport 9:3363–3367 PubMedCrossRef
241.
Peng TJ, Andersen LW, Saindon BZ et al (2015) The administration of dextrose during in-hospital cardiac arrest is associated with increased mortality and neurologic morbidity. Crit Care 19:160 PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
242.
Longstreth WT Jr, Copass MK, Dennis LK, Rauch-Matthews ME, Stark MS, Cobb LA (1993) Intravenous glucose after out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest: a community-based randomized trial. Neurology 43:2534–2541 PubMedCrossRef
243.
Chang YS, Park WS, Ko SY et al (1999) Effects of fasting and insulin-induced hypoglycemia on brain cell membrane function and energy metabolism during hypoxia-ischemia in newborn piglets. Brain Res 844:135–142 PubMedCrossRef
244.
Cherian L, Goodman JC, Robertson CS (1997) Hyperglycemia increases brain injury caused by secondary ischemia after cortical impact injury in rats. Crit Care Med 25:1378–1383 PubMedCrossRef
245.
Salter N, Quin G, Tracy E (2010) Cardiac arrest in infancy: don’t forget glucose! Emerg Med J 27:720–721 PubMed
246.
Paul T, Bertram H, Bokenkamp R, Hausdorf G (2000) Supraventricular tachycardia in infants, children and adolescents: diagnosis, and pharmacological and interventional therapy. Paediatr Drugs 2:171–181 PubMedCrossRef
247.
Losek JD, Endom E, Dietrich A, Stewart G, Zempsky W, Smith K (1999) Adenosine and pediatric supraventricular tachycardia in the emergency department: multicenter study and review. Ann Emerg Med 33:185–191 PubMedCrossRef
248.
Patterson MD, Boenning DA, Klein BL et al (2005) The use of high-dose epinephrine for patients with out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest refractory to prehospital interventions. Pediatr Emerg Care 21:227–237 PubMedCrossRef
249.
Perondi MB, Reis AG, Paiva EF, Nadkarni VM, Berg RA (2004) A comparison of high-dose and standard-dose epinephrine in children with cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 350:1722–1730 PubMedCrossRef
250.
Carpenter TC, Stenmark KR (1997) High-dose epinephrine is not superior to standard-dose epinephrine in pediatric in-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest. Pediatrics 99:403–408 PubMedCrossRef
251.
Dieckmann RA, Vardis R (1995) High-dose epinephrine in pediatric out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest. Pediatrics 95:901–913 PubMed
252.
Enright K, Turner C, Roberts P, Cheng N, Browne G (2012) Primary cardiac arrest following sport or exertion in children presenting to an emergency department: chest compressions and early defibrillation can save lives, but is intravenous epinephrine always appropriate? Pediatr Emerg Care 28:336–339 PubMedCrossRef
253.
Berg RA, Otto CW, Kern KB et al (1994) High-dose epinephrine results in greater early mortality after resuscitation from prolonged cardiac arrest in pigs: a prospective, randomized study. Crit Care Med 22:282–290 PubMedCrossRef
254.
Rubertsson S, Wiklund L (1993) Hemodynamic effects of epinephrine in combination with different alkaline buffers during experimental, open-chest, cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Crit Care Med 21:1051–1057 PubMedCrossRef
255.
Saharan S, Balaji S (2015) Cardiovascular collapse during amiodarone infusion in a hemodynamically compromised child with refractory supraventricular tachycardia. Ann Pediatr Cardiol 8:50–52 PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
256.
Somberg JC, Timar S, Bailin SJ et al (2004) Lack of a hypotensive effect with rapid administration of a new aqueous formulation of intravenous amiodarone. Am J Cardiol 93:576–581 PubMedCrossRef
257.
Yap S-C, Hoomtje T, Sreeram N (2000) Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia after use of intravenous amiodarone for postoperative junctional ectopic tachycardia. Int J Cardiol 76:245–247 PubMedCrossRef
258.
Dorian P, Cass D, Schwartz B, Cooper R, Gelaznikas R, Barr A (2002) Amiodarone as compared with lidocaine for shock-resistant ventricular fibrillation. N Engl J Med 346:884–890 PubMedCrossRef
259.
Valdes SO, Donoghue AJ, Hoyme DB et al (2014) Outcomes associated with amiodarone and lidocaine in the treatment of in-hospital pediatric cardiac arrest with pulseless ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation. Resuscitation 85:381–386 PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
260.
Kudenchuk PJ, Brown SP, Daya M et al (2014) Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium-Amiodarone, Lidocaine or Placebo Study (ROC-ALPS): rationale and methodology behind an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest antiarrhythmic drug trial. Am Heart J 167:653–659.e4 PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
261.
Dauchot P, Gravenstein JS (1971) Effects of atropine on the electrocardiogram in different age groups. Clin Pharmacol Ther 12:274–280 PubMedCrossRef
262.
Brady WJ, Swart G, DeBehnke DJ, Ma OJ, Aufderheide TP (1999) The efficacy of atropine in the treatment of hemodynamically unstable bradycardia and atrioventricular block: prehospital and emergency department considerations. Resuscitation 41:47–55 PubMedCrossRef
263.
Smith I, Monk TG, White PF (1994) Comparison of transesophageal atrial pacing with anticholinergic drugs for the treatment of intraoperative bradycardia. Anesth Analg 78:245–252 PubMedCrossRef
264.
Chadda KD, Lichstein E, Gupta PK, Kourtesis P (1977) Effects of atropine in patients with bradyarrhythmia complicating myocardial infarction: usefulness of an optimum dose for overdrive. Am J Med 63:503–510 PubMedCrossRef
265.
Fastle RK, Roback MG (2004) Pediatric rapid sequence intubation: incidence of reflex bradycardia and effects of pretreatment with atropine. Pediatr Emerg Care 20:651–655 PubMedCrossRef
266.
Jones P, Dauger S, Denjoy I et al (2013) The effect of atropine on rhythm and conduction disturbances during 322 critical care intubations. Pediatr Crit Care 14:e289–e297 CrossRef
267.
van Walraven C, Stiell IG, Wells GA, Hebert PC, Vandemheen K (1998) Do advanced cardiac life support drugs increase resuscitation rates from in-hospital cardiac arrest? The OTAC Study Group. Ann Emerg Med 32:544–553 PubMedCrossRef
268.
Paraskos JA (1986) Cardiovascular pharmacology. III: atropine, calcium, calcium blockers, and (beta)-blockers. Circulation 74:IV86–IV9
269.
Gupta P, Tomar M, Radhakrishnan S, Shrivastava S (2011) Hypocalcemic cardiomyopathy presenting as cardiogenic shock. Ann Pediatr Cardiol 4:152–155 PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
270.
Stueven HA, Thompson B, Aprahamian C, Tonsfeldt DJ, Kastenson EH (1985) The effectiveness of calcium chloride in refractory electromechanical dissociation. Ann Emerg Med 14:626–629 PubMedCrossRef
271.
Kette F, Ghuman J, Parr M (2013) Calcium administration during cardiac arrest: a systematic review. Eur J Emerg Med 20:72–78 PubMedCrossRef
272.
Srinivasan V, Morris MC, Helfaer MA, Berg RA, Nadkarni VM (2008) Calcium use during in-hospital pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a report from the National Registry of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. Pediatrics 121:e1144–e1151 PubMedCrossRef
273.
de Mos N, van Litsenburg RR, McCrindle B, Bohn DJ, Parshuram CS (2006) Pediatric in-intensive-care-unit cardiac arrest: incidence, survival, and predictive factors. Crit Care Med 34:1209–1215 PubMedCrossRef
274.
Dias CR, Leite HP, Nogueira PC, Brunow de Carvalho W (2013) Ionized hypocalcemia is an early event and is associated with organ dysfunction in children admitted to the intensive care unit. J Crit Care 28:810–815 PubMedCrossRef
275.
Krinsley JS (2004) Effect of an intensive glucose management protocol on the mortality of critically ill adult patients. Mayo Clin Proc 79:992–1000 PubMedCrossRef
276.
Losek JD (2000) Hypoglycemia and the ABC’S (sugar) of pediatric resuscitation. Ann Emerg Med 35:43–46 PubMedCrossRef
277.
Srinivasan V, Spinella PC, Drott HR, Roth CL, Helfaer MA, Nadkarni V (2004) Association of timing, duration, and intensity of hyperglycemia with intensive care unit mortality in critically ill children. Pediatr Crit Care Med 5:329–336 PubMedCrossRef
278.
Finney SJ, Zekveld C, Elia A, Evans TW (2003) Glucose control and mortality in critically ill patients. JAMA 290:2041–2047 PubMedCrossRef
279.
280.
Losert H, Sterz F, Roine RO et al (2008) Strict normoglycaemic blood glucose levels in the therapeutic management of patients within 12 h after cardiac arrest might not be necessary. Resuscitation 76:214–220 PubMedCrossRef
281.
Oksanen T, Skrifvars MB, Varpula T et al (2007) Strict versus moderate glucose control after resuscitation from ventricular fibrillation. Intensive Care Med 33:2093–2100 PubMedCrossRef
282.
Macrae D, Grieve R, Allen E et al (2014) A randomized trial of hyperglycemic control in pediatric intensive care. N Engl J Med 370:107–118 PubMedCrossRef
283.
NICE-SUGAR Study Investigators, Finfer S, Chittock DR et al (2009) Intensive versus conventional glucose control in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 360:1283–1297 PubMedCrossRef
284.
Allegra J, Lavery R, Cody R et al (2001) Magnesium sulfate in the treatment of refractory ventricular fibrillation in the prehospital setting. Resuscitation 49:245–249 PubMedCrossRef
285.
Reis AG, Ferreira de Paiva E, Schvartsman C, Zaritsky AL (2008) Magnesium in cardiopulmonary resuscitation: critical review. Resuscitation 77:21–25 PubMedCrossRef
286.
Tzivoni D, Banai S, Schuger C et al (1988) Treatment of torsade de pointes with magnesium sulfate. Circulation 77:392–397 PubMedCrossRef
287.
Lokesh L, Kumar P, Murki S, Narang A (2004) A randomized controlled trial of sodium bicarbonate in neonatal resuscitation-effect on immediate outcome. Resuscitation 60:219–223 PubMedCrossRef
288.
Bar-Joseph G, Abramson NS, Kelsey SF, Mashiach T, Craig MT, Safar P (2005) Improved resuscitation outcome in emergency medical systems with increased usage of sodium bicarbonate during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 49:6–15 PubMedCrossRef
289.
Weng YM, Wu SH, Li WC, Kuo CW, Chen SY, Chen JC (2013) The effects of sodium bicarbonate during prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Am J Emerg Med 31:562–565 PubMedCrossRef
290.
Raymond TT, Stromberg D, Stigall W, Burton G, Zaritsky A, American Heart Association’s Get With The Guidelines-Resuscitation Investigators (2015) Sodium bicarbonate use during in-hospital pediatric pulseless cardiac arrest – a report from the American Heart Association Get With The Guidelines(®)-Resuscitation. Resuscitation 89:106–113 PubMedCrossRef
291.
Walsh EP, Saul JP, Sholler GF et al (1997) Evaluation of a staged treatment protocol for rapid automatic junctional tachycardia after operation for congenital heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 29:1046–1053 PubMedCrossRef
292.
Wang JD, Fu YC, Jan SL, Chi CS (2003) Verapamil sensitive idiopathic ventricular tachycardia in an infant. Jpn Heart J 44:667–671 PubMedCrossRef
293.
Singh BN, Kehoe R, Woosley RL, Scheinman M, Quart B (1995) Multicenter trial of sotalol compared with procainamide in the suppression of inducible ventricular tachycardia: a double-blind, randomized parallel evaluation. Sotalol Multicenter Study Group. Am Heart J 129:87–97 PubMedCrossRef
294.
Chang PM, Silka MJ, Moromisato DY, Bar-Cohen Y (2010) Amiodarone versus procainamide for the acute treatment of recurrent supraventricular tachycardia in pediatric patients. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 3:134–140 PubMedCrossRef
295.
Mandapati R, Byrum CJ, Kavey RE et al (2000) Procainamide for rate control of postsurgical junctional tachycardia. Pediatr Cardiol 21:123–128 PubMedCrossRef
296.
Luedtke SA, Kuhn RJ, McCaffrey FM (1997) Pharmacologic management of supraventricular tachycardias in children. Part 1: Wolff-Parkinson-White and atrioventricular nodal reentry. Ann Pharmacother 31:1227–1243 PubMed
297.
Luedtke SA, Kuhn RJ, McCaffrey FM (1997) Pharmacologic management of supraventricular tachycardias in children, part 2: atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation, and junctional and atrial ectopic tachycardia. Ann Pharmacother 31:1347–1359 PubMed
298.
Holmes CL, Landry DW, Granton JT (2003) Science review: vasopressin and the cardiovascular system part 1—receptor physiology. Crit Care 7:427–434 PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
299.
Duncan JM, Meaney P, Simpson P, Berg RA, Nadkarni V, Schexnayder S (2009) Vasopressin for in-hospital pediatric cardiac arrest: results from the American Heart Association National Registry of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. Pediatr Crit Care Med 10:191–195 PubMedCrossRef
300.
Callaway CW, Hostler D, Doshi AA et al (2006) Usefulness of vasopressin administered with epinephrine during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Am J Cardiol 98:1316–1321 PubMedCrossRef
301.
Gueugniaud PY, David JS, Chanzy E et al (2008) Vasopressin and epinephrine vs. epinephrine alone in cardiopulmonary resuscitation. N Engl J Med 359:21–30 PubMedCrossRef
302.
Mukoyama T, Kinoshita K, Nagao K, Tanjoh K (2009) Reduced effectiveness of vasopressin in repeated doses for patients undergoing prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 80:755–761 PubMedCrossRef
303.
Matok I, Vardi A, Augarten A et al (2007) Beneficial effects of terlipressin in prolonged pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a case series. Crit Care Med 35:1161–1164 PubMedCrossRef
304.
Mentzelopoulos SD, Malachias S, Chamos C et al (2013) Vasopressin, steroids, and epinephrine and neurologically favorable survival after in-hospital cardiac arrest: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 310:270–279 PubMedCrossRef
305.
Daley MJ, Lat I, Mieure KD, Jennings HR, Hall JB, Kress JP (2013) A comparison of initial monotherapy with norepinephrine versus vasopressin for resuscitation in septic shock. Ann Pharmacother 47:301–310 PubMedCrossRef
306.
Ong ME, Tiah L, Leong BS et al (2012) A randomised, double-blind, multi-centre trial comparing vasopressin and adrenaline in patients with cardiac arrest presenting to or in the Emergency Department. Resuscitation 83:953–960 PubMedCrossRef
307.
Yildizdas D, Yapicioglu H, Celik U, Sertdemir Y, Alhan E (2013) Terlipressin as a rescue therapy for catecholamine-resistant septic shock in children. Intensive Care Med 34:511–517 CrossRef
308.
Rodriguez-Nunez A, Fernandez-Sanmartin M, Martinon-Torres F, Gonzalez-Alonso N, Martinon-Sanchez JM (2004) Terlipressin for catecholamine-resistant septic shock in children. Intensive Care Med 30:477–480 PubMedCrossRef
309.
Peters MJ, Booth RA, Petros AJ (2004) Terlipressin bolus induces systemic vasoconstriction in septic shock. Pediatr Crit Care Med 5:112–115 PubMedCrossRef
310.
Gil-Anton J, Lopez-Herce J, Morteruel E, Carrillo A, Rodriguez-Nunez A (2010) Pediatric cardiac arrest refractory to advanced life support: is there a role for terlipressin? Pediatr Crit Care Med 11:139–141 PubMedCrossRef
311.
Atkins DL, Sirna S, Kieso R, Charbonnier F, Kerber RE (1988) Pediatric defibrillation: importance of paddle size in determining transthoracic impedance. Pediatrics 82:914–918 PubMed
312.
Atkins DL, Kerber RE (1994) Pediatric defibrillation: current flow is improved by using "adult" electrode paddles. Pediatrics 94:90–93 PubMed
313.
Deakin C, Sado D, Petley G, Clewlow F (2002) Determining the optimal paddle force for external defibrillation. Am J Cardiol 90:812–813 PubMedCrossRef
314.
Bennetts SH, Deakin CD, Petley GW, Clewlow F (2004) Is optimal paddle force applied during paediatric external defibrillation? Resuscitation 60:29–32 PubMedCrossRef
315.
Berg MD, Banville IL, Chapman FW et al (2008) Attenuating the defibrillation dosage decreases postresuscitation myocardial dysfunction in a swine model of pediatric ventricular fibrillation. Pediatr Crit Care Med 9:429–434 PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
316.
Clark CB, Zhang Y, Davies LR, Karlsson G, Kerber RE (2001) Pediatric transthoracic defibrillation: biphasic versus monophasic waveforms in an experimental model. Resuscitation 51:159–163 PubMedCrossRef
317.
Berg RA, Samson RA, Berg MD et al (2005) Better outcome after pediatric defibrillation dosage than adult dosage in a swine model of pediatric ventricular fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 45:786–789 PubMedCrossRef
318.
Gurnett CA, Atkins DL (2000) Successful use of a biphasic waveform automated external defibrillator in a high-risk child. Am J Cardiol 86:1051–1053 PubMedCrossRef
319.
Rossano J, Quan L, Schiff M, MA K, DL A (2003) Survival is not correlated with defibrillation dosing in pediatric out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation. Circulation 108:IV-320–IV-321
320.
Atkinson E, Mikysa B, Conway JA et al (2003) Specificity and sensitivity of automated external defibrillator rhythm analysis in infants and children. Ann Emerg Med 42:185–196 PubMedCrossRef
321.
Cecchin F, Jorgenson DB, Berul CI et al (2001) Is arrhythmia detection by automatic external defibrillator accurate for children? Sensitivity and specificity of an automatic external defibrillator algorithm in 696 pediatric arrhythmias. Circulation 103:2483–2488 PubMedCrossRef
322.
Atkins DL, Hartley LL, York DK (1998) Accurate recognition and effective treatment of ventricular fibrillation by automated external defibrillators in adolescents. Pediatrics 101:393–397 PubMedCrossRef
323.
Samson R, Berg R, Bingham R, Pediatric Advanced Life Support Task Force, International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (2003) Use of automated external defibrillators for children: an update. An advisory statement from the Pediatric Advanced Life Support Task Force, International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation. Resuscitation 57:237–243 PubMedCrossRef
324.
Saul JP, Scott WA, Brown S et al (2005) Intravenous amiodarone for incessant tachyarrhythmias in children: a randomized, double-blind, antiarrhythmic drug trial. Circulation 112:3470–3477 PubMedCrossRef
325.
Zaritsky A, Nadkarni V, Getson P, Kuehl K (1987) CPR in children. Ann Emerg Med 16:1107–1111 PubMedCrossRef
326.
Mogayzel C, Quan L, Graves JR, Tiedeman D, Fahrenbruch C, Herndon P (1995) Out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation in children and adolescents: causes and outcomes. Ann Emerg Med 25:484–491 PubMedCrossRef
327.
Herlitz J, Engdahl J, Svensson L, Young M, Angquist KA, Holmberg S (2005) Characteristics and outcome among children suffering from out of hospital cardiac arrest in Sweden. Resuscitation 64:37–40 PubMedCrossRef
328.
Johnson MA, Grahan BJ, Haukoos JS et al (2014) Demographics, bystander CPR, and AED use in out-of-hospital pediatric arrests. Resuscitation 85:920–926 PubMedCrossRef
329.
Samson RA, Nadkarni VM, Meaney PA, Carey SM, Berg MD, Berg RA (2006) Outcomes of in-hospital ventricular fibrillation in children. N Engl J Med 354:2328–2339 PubMedCrossRef
330.
Cummins RO, Graves JR, Larsen MP et al (1993) Out-of-hospital transcutaneous pacing by emergency medical technicians in patients with asystolic cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 328:1377–1382 PubMedCrossRef
331.
332.
Perry JC, Fenrich AL, Hulse JE, Triedman JK, Friedman RA, Lamberti JJ (1996) Pediatric use of intravenous amiodarone: efficacy and safety in critically ill patients from a multicenter protocol. J Am Coll Cardiol 27:1246–1250 PubMedCrossRef
333.
Bianconi L, Castro A, Dinelli M et al (2000) Comparison of intravenously administered dofetilide versus amiodarone in the acute termination of atrial fibrillation and flutter. A multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Eur Heart J 21:1265–1273 PubMedCrossRef
334.
Celiker A, Ceviz N, Ozme S (1998) Effectiveness and safety of intravenous amiodarone in drug-resistant tachyarrhythmias of children. Acta Paediatr Jpn 40:567–572 PubMedCrossRef
335.
Dodge-Khatami A, Miller O, Anderson R, Gil-Jaurena J, Goldman A, de Leval M (2002) Impact of junctional ectopic tachycardia on postoperative morbidity following repair of congenital heart defects. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 21:255–259 PubMedCrossRef
336.
Figa FH, Gow RM, Hamilton RM, Freedom RM (1994) Clinical efficacy and safety of intravenous amiodarone in infants and children. Am J Cardiol 74:573–577 PubMedCrossRef
337.
Hoffman TM, Bush DM, Wernovsky G et al (2002) Postoperative junctional ectopic tachycardia in children: incidence, risk factors, and treatment. Ann Thorac Surg 74:1607–1611 PubMedCrossRef
338.
Soult JA, Munoz M, Lopez JD, Romero A, Santos J, Tovaruela A (1995) Efficacy and safety of intravenous amiodarone for short-term treatment of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia in children. Pediatr Cardiol 16:16–19 PubMedCrossRef
339.
Haas NA, Camphausen CK (2008) Acute hemodynamic effects of intravenous amiodarone treatment in pediatric patients with cardiac surgery. Clin Res Cardiol 97:801–810 PubMedCrossRef
340.
Adamson PC, Rhodes LA, Saul JP et al (2006) The pharmacokinetics of esmolol in pediatric subjects with supraventricular arrhythmias. Pediatr Cardiol 27:420–427 PubMedCrossRef
341.
Chrysostomou C, Beerman L, Shiderly D, Berry D, Morell VO, Munoz R (2008) Dexmedetomidine: a novel drug for the treatment of atrial and junctional tachyarrhythmias during the perioperative period for congenital cardiac surgery: a preliminary study. Anesth Analg 107:1514–1522 PubMedCrossRef
342.
Benson D Jr, Smith W, Dunnigan A, Sterba R, Gallagher J (1982) Mechanisms of regular wide QRS tachycardia in infants and children. Am J Cardiol 49:1778–1788 PubMedCrossRef
343.
Burri S, Hug MI, Bauersfeld U (2003) Efficacy and safety of intravenous amiodarone for incessant tachycardias in infants. Eur J Pediatr 162:880–884 PubMedCrossRef
344.
Drago F, Mazza A, Guccione P, Mafrici A, Di Liso G, Ragonese P (1998) Amiodarone used alone or in combination with propranolol: a very effective therapy for tachyarrhythmias in infants and children. Pediatr Cardiol 19:445–449 PubMedCrossRef
345.
Calkins CM, Bensard DD, Partrick DA, Karrer FM (2002) A critical analysis of outcome for children sustaining cardiac arrest after blunt trauma. J Pediatr Surg 37:180–184 PubMedCrossRef
346.
Crewdson K, Lockey D, Davies G (2007) Outcome from paediatric cardiac arrest associated with trauma. Resuscitation 75:29–34 PubMedCrossRef
347.
Lopez-Herce Cid J, Dominguez Sampedro P, Rodriguez Nunez A et al (2006) [Cardiorespiratory arrest in children with trauma]. An Pediatr (Barc) 65:439–447 CrossRef
348.
Perron AD, Sing RF, Branas CC, Huynh T (2001) Predicting survival in pediatric trauma patients receiving cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the prehospital setting. Prehosp Emerg Care 5:600 CrossRef
349.
Brindis SL, Gausche-Hill M, Young KD, Putnam B (2011) Universally poor outcomes of pediatric traumatic arrest: a prospective case series and review of the literature. Pediatr Emerg Care 27:616–621 PubMedCrossRef
350.
Murphy JT, Jaiswal K, Sabella J, Vinson L, Megison S, Maxson RT (2010) Prehospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the pediatric trauma patient. J Pediatr Surg 45:1413–1419 PubMedCrossRef
351.
Widdel L, Winston KR (2010) Prognosis for children in cardiac arrest shortly after blunt cranial trauma. J Trauma 69:783–788 PubMed
352.
Duron V, Burke RV, Bliss D, Ford HR, Upperman JS (2014) Survival of pediatric blunt trauma patients presenting with no signs of life in the field. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 77:422–426 PubMedCrossRef
353.
Sheikh A, Brogan T (1994) Outcome and cost of open- and closed-chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation in pediatric cardiac arrests. Pediatrics 93:392–398 PubMed
354.
Beaver BL, Colombani PM, Buck JR, Dudgeon DL, Bohrer SL, Haller JA Jr (1987) Efficacy of emergency room thoracotomy in pediatric trauma. J Pediatr Surg 22:19–23 PubMedCrossRef
355.
Powell RW, Gill EA, Jurkovich GJ, Ramenofsky ML (1988) Resuscitative thoracotomy in children and adolescents. Am Surg 54:188–191 PubMed
356.
Rothenberg SS, Moore EE, Moore FA, Baxter BT, Moore JB, Cleveland HC (1989) Emergency Department thoracotomy in children–a critical analysis. J Trauma 29:1322–1325 PubMed
357.
Suominen P, Rasanen J, Kivioja A (1998) Efficacy of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in pulseless paediatric trauma patients. Resuscitation 36:9–13 PubMedCrossRef
358.
Easter JS, Vinton DT, Haukoos JS (2012) Emergent pediatric thoracotomy following traumatic arrest. Resuscitation 83:1521–1524 PubMedCrossRef
359.
Hofbauer M, Hupfl M, Figl M, Hochtl-Lee L, Kdolsky R (2011) Retrospective analysis of emergency room thoracotomy in pediatric severe trauma patients. Resuscitation 82:185–189 PubMedCrossRef
360.
Polderman FN, Cohen J, Blom NA et al (2004) Sudden unexpected death in children with a previously diagnosed cardiovascular disorder. Int J Cardiol 95:171–176 PubMedCrossRef
361.
Sanatani S, Wilson G, Smith CR, Hamilton RM, Williams WG, Adatia I (2006) Sudden unexpected death in children with heart disease. Congenit Heart Dis 1:89–97 PubMedCrossRef
362.
Morris K, Beghetti M, Petros A, Adatia I, Bohn D (2000) Comparison of hyperventilation and inhaled nitric oxide for pulmonary hypertension after repair of congenital heart disease. Crit Care Med 28:2974–2978 PubMedCrossRef
363.
Hoeper MM, Galie N, Murali S et al (2002) Outcome after cardiopulmonary resuscitation in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 165:341–344 PubMedCrossRef
364.
Rimensberger PC, Spahr-Schopfer I, Berner M et al (2001) Inhaled nitric oxide versus aerosolized iloprost in secondary pulmonary hypertension in children with congenital heart disease: vasodilator capacity and cellular mechanisms. Circulation 103:544–548 PubMedCrossRef
365.
Sablotzki A, Hentschel T, Gruenig E et al (2002) Hemodynamic effects of inhaled aerosolized iloprost and inhaled nitric oxide in heart transplant candidates with elevated pulmonary vascular resistance. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 22:746–752 PubMedCrossRef
366.
Kirbas A, Yalcin Y, Tanrikulu N, Gurer O, Isik O (2012) Comparison of inhaled nitric oxide and aerosolized iloprost in pulmonary hypertension in children with congenital heart surgery. Cardiol J 19:387–394 PubMedCrossRef
367.
Loukanov T, Bucsenez D, Springer W et al (2011) Comparison of inhaled nitric oxide with aerosolized iloprost for treatment of pulmonary hypertension in children after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. Clin Res Cardiol 100:595–602 PubMedCrossRef
368.
Antoniou T, Koletsis EN, Prokakis C et al (2013) Hemodynamic effects of combination therapy with inhaled nitric oxide and iloprost in patients with pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular dysfunction after high-risk cardiac surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 27:459–466 PubMedCrossRef
369.
Liu KS, Tsai FC, Huang YK et al (2009) Extracorporeal life support: a simple and effective weapon for postcardiotomy right ventricular failure. Artif Organs 33:504–508 PubMedCrossRef
370.
Dhillon R, Pearson GA, Firmin RK, Chan KC, Leanage R (1995) Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and the treatment of critical pulmonary hypertension in congenital heart disease. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 9:553–556 PubMedCrossRef
371.
Arpesella G, Loforte A, Mikus E, Mikus PM (2008) Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for primary allograft failure. Transplant Proc 40:3596–3597 PubMedCrossRef
372.
Strueber M, Hoeper MM, Fischer S et al (2009) Bridge to thoracic organ transplantation in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension using a pumpless lung assist device. Am J Transplant 9:853–857 PubMedCrossRef
373.
Simon MA (2013) Assessment and treatment of right ventricular failure. Nat Rev Cardiol 10:204–218 PubMedCrossRef
374.
Nolan JP, Neumar RW, Adrie C et al (2008) Post-cardiac arrest syndrome: epidemiology, pathophysiology, treatment, and prognostication. A Scientific Statement from the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation; the American Heart Association Emergency Cardiovascular Care Committee; the Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia; the Council on Cardiopulmonary, Perioperative, and Critical Care; the Council on Clinical Cardiology; the Council on Stroke. Resuscitation 79:350–379 PubMedCrossRef
375.
Hildebrand CA, Hartmann AG, Arcinue EL, Gomez RJ, Bing RJ (1988) Cardiac performance in pediatric near-drowning. Crit Care Med 16:331–335 PubMedCrossRef
376.
Mayr V, Luckner G, Jochberger S et al (2007) Arginine vasopressin in advanced cardiovascular failure during the post-resuscitation phase after cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 72:35–44 PubMedCrossRef
377.
Conlon TW, Falkensammer CB, Hammond RS, Nadkarni VM, Berg RA, Topjian AA (2015) Association of left ventricular systolic function and vasopressor support with survival following pediatric out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Pediatr Crit Care Med 16:146–154 PubMedCrossRef
378.
Bougouin W, Cariou A (2013) Management of postcardiac arrest myocardial dysfunction. Curr Opin Crit Care 19:195–201 PubMedCrossRef
379.
Huang L, Weil MH, Sun S, Cammarata G, Cao L, Tang W (2005) Levosimendan improves postresuscitation outcomes in a rat model of CPR. J Lab Clin Med 146:256–261 PubMedCrossRef
380.
Huang L, Weil MH, Tang W, Sun S, Wang J (2005) Comparison between dobutamine and levosimendan for management of postresuscitation myocardial dysfunction. Crit Care Med 33:487–491 PubMedCrossRef
381.
Kern KB, Hilwig RW, Rhee KH, Berg RA (1996) Myocardial dysfunction after resuscitation from cardiac arrest: an example of global myocardial stunning. J Am Coll Cardiol 28:232–240 PubMedCrossRef
382.
Meyer RJ, Kern KB, Berg RA, Hilwig RW, Ewy GA (2002) Post-resuscitation right ventricular dysfunction: delineation and treatment with dobutamine. Resuscitation 55:187–191 PubMedCrossRef
383.
Studer W, Wu X, Siegemund M, Marsch S, Seeberger M, Filipovic M (2005) Influence of dobutamine on the variables of systemic haemodynamics, metabolism, and intestinal perfusion after cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the rat. Resuscitation 64:227–232 PubMedCrossRef
384.
Vasquez A, Kern KB, Hilwig RW, Heidenreich J, Berg RA, Ewy GA (2004) Optimal dosing of dobutamine for treating post-resuscitation left ventricular dysfunction. Resuscitation 61:199–207 PubMedCrossRef
385.
Hoffman TM, Wernovsky G, Atz AM et al (2003) Efficacy and safety of milrinone in preventing low cardiac output syndrome in infants and children after corrective surgery for congenital heart disease. Circulation 107:996–1002 PubMedCrossRef
386.
Alvarez J, Bouzada M, Fernandez AL et al (2006) [Hemodynamic effects of levosimendan compared with dobutamine in patients with low cardiac output after cardiac surgery]. Rev Esp Cardiol 59:338–345 PubMedCrossRef
387.
Jorgensen K, Bech-Hanssen O, Houltz E, Ricksten SE (2008) Effects of levosimendan on left ventricular relaxation and early filling at maintained preload and afterload conditions after aortic valve replacement for aortic stenosis. Circulation 117:1075–1081 PubMedCrossRef
388.
Lobato EB, Willert JL, Looke TD, Thomas J, Urdaneta F (2005) Effects of milrinone versus epinephrine on left ventricular relaxation after cardiopulmonary bypass following myocardial revascularization: assessment by color m-mode and tissue Doppler. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 19:334–339 PubMedCrossRef
389.
Nijhawan N, Nicolosi AC, Montgomery MW, Aggarwal A, Pagel PS, Warltier DC (1999) Levosimendan enhances cardiac performance after cardiopulmonary bypass: a prospective, randomized placebo-controlled trial. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 34:219–228 PubMedCrossRef
390.
Topjian AA, French B, Sutton RM et al (2014) Early postresuscitation hypotension is associated with increased mortality following pediatric cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med 42:1518–1523 PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
391.
Guerra-Wallace MM, Casey FL 3rd, Bell MJ, Fink EL, Hickey RW (2013) Hyperoxia and hypoxia in children resuscitated from cardiac arrest. Pediatr Crit Care Med 14:e143–e148
392.
Ferguson LP, Durward A, Tibby SM (2012) Relationship between arterial partial oxygen pressure after resuscitation from cardiac arrest and mortality in children. Circulation 126:335–342 PubMedCrossRef
393.
Bennett KS, Clark AE, Meert KL et al (2013) Early oxygenation and ventilation measurements after pediatric cardiac arrest: lack of association with outcome. Crit Care Med 41:1534–1542 PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
394.
Lopez-Herce J, del Castillo J, Matamoros M et al (2014) Post return of spontaneous circulation factors associated with mortality in pediatric in-hospital cardiac arrest: a prospective multicenter multinational observational study. Crit Care 18:607 PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
395.
Roberts BW, Kilgannon JH, Chansky ME, Mittal N, Wooden J, Trzeciak S (2013) Association between postresuscitation partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide and neurological outcome in patients with post-cardiac arrest syndrome. Circulation 127:2107–2113 PubMedCrossRef
396.
Hickey RW, Kochanek PM, Ferimer H, Graham SH, Safar P (2000) Hypothermia and hyperthermia in children after resuscitation from cardiac arrest. Pediatrics 106(pt 1):118–122 PubMedCrossRef
397.
Hypothermia after Cardiac Arrest Study Group (2002) Mild therapeutic hypothermia to improve the neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 346:549–556 CrossRef
398.
Gluckman PD, Wyatt JS, Azzopardi D et al (2005) Selective head cooling with mild systemic hypothermia after neonatal encephalopathy: multicentre randomised trial. Lancet 365:663–670 PubMedCrossRef
399.
Battin MR, Penrice J, Gunn TR, Gunn AJ (2003) Treatment of term infants with head cooling and mild systemic hypothermia (35.0 degrees C and 34.5 degrees C) after perinatal asphyxia. Pediatrics 111:244–251 PubMedCrossRef
400.
Compagnoni G, Pogliani L, Lista G, Castoldi F, Fontana P, Mosca F (2002) Hypothermia reduces neurological damage in asphyxiated newborn infants. Biol Neonate 82:222–227 PubMedCrossRef
401.
Gunn AJ, Gunn TR, Gunning MI, Williams CE, Gluckman PD (1998) Neuroprotection with prolonged head cooling started before postischemic seizures in fetal sheep. Pediatrics 102:1098–1106 PubMedCrossRef
402.
Debillon T, Daoud P, Durand P et al (2003) Whole-body cooling after perinatal asphyxia: a pilot study in term neonates. Dev Med Child Neurol 45:17–23 PubMedCrossRef
403.
Shankaran S, Laptook AR, Ehrenkranz RA et al (2005) Whole-body hypothermia for neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. N Engl J Med 353:1574–1584 PubMedCrossRef
404.
Moler FW, Silverstein FS, Holubkov R et al (2015) Therapeutic hypothermia after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in children. N Engl J Med 372:1898–1908 PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
405.
Coimbra C, Drake M, Boris-Moller F, Wieloch T (1996) Long-lasting neuroprotective effect of postischemic hypothermia and treatment with an anti-inflammatory/antipyretic drug. Evidence for chronic encephalopathic processes following ischemia. Stroke 27:1578–1585 PubMedCrossRef
406.
van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F et al (2001) Intensive insulin therapy in the critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 345:1359–1367 PubMedCrossRef
407.
Van den Berghe G, Wilmer A, Hermans G et al (2006) Intensive insulin therapy in the medical ICU. N Engl J Med 354:449–461 PubMedCrossRef
408.
Treggiari MM, Karir V, Yanez ND, Weiss NS, Daniel S, Deem SA (2008) Intensive insulin therapy and mortality in critically ill patients. Crit Care 12:R29 PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
409.
Slonim AD, Patel KM, Ruttimann UE, Pollack MM (1997) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation in pediatric intensive care units. Crit Care Med 25:1951–1955 PubMedCrossRef
410.
Rodriguez-Nunez A, Lopez-Herce J, Garcia C et al (2006) Effectiveness and long-term outcome of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in paediatric intensive care units in Spain. Resuscitation 71:301–309 PubMedCrossRef
411.
Nadkarni VM, Larkin GL, Peberdy MA et al (2006) First documented rhythm and clinical outcome from in-hospital cardiac arrest among children and adults. JAMA 295:50–57 PubMedCrossRef
412.
Meaney PA, Nadkarni VM, Cook EF et al (2006) Higher survival rates among younger patients after pediatric intensive care unit cardiac arrests. Pediatrics 118:2424–2433 PubMedCrossRef
413.
Tibballs J, Kinney S (2006) A prospective study of outcome of in-patient paediatric cardiopulmonary arrest. Resuscitation 71:310–318 PubMedCrossRef
414.
Lopez-Herce J, Del Castillo J, Matamoros M et al (2013) Factors associated with mortality in pediatric in-hospital cardiac arrest: a prospective multicenter multinational observational study. Intensive Care Med 39:309–318 PubMedCrossRef
415.
Lopez-Herce J, Garcia C, Dominguez P et al (2004) Characteristics and outcome of cardiorespiratory arrest in children. Resuscitation 63:311–320 PubMedCrossRef
416.
Idris AH, Berg RA, Bierens J et al (2003) Recommended guidelines for uniform reporting of data from drowning: the „Utstein style“. Resuscitation 59:45–57 PubMedCrossRef
417.
Eich C, Brauer A, Timmermann A et al (2007) Outcome of 12 drowned children with attempted resuscitation on cardiopulmonary bypass: an analysis of variables based on the „Utstein Style for Drowning“. Resuscitation 75:42–52 PubMedCrossRef
418.
Dudley NC, Hansen KW, Furnival RA, Donaldson AE, Van Wagenen KL, Scaife ER (2009) The effect of family presence on the efficiency of pediatric trauma resuscitations. Ann Emerg Med 53:777–784.e3 PubMedCrossRef
419.
Tinsley C, Hill JB, Shah J et al (2008) Experience of families during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a pediatric intensive care unit. Pediatrics 122:e799–e804 PubMedCrossRef
420.
Mangurten J, Scott SH, Guzzetta CE et al (2006) Effects of family presence during resuscitation and invasive procedures in a pediatric emergency department. J Emerg Nurs 32:225–233 PubMed
421.
McGahey-Oakland PR, Lieder HS, Young A et al (2007) Family experiences during resuscitation at a children’s hospital emergency department. J Pediatr Health Care 21:217–225 PubMedCrossRef
422.
Jones M, Qazi M, Young KD (2005) Ethnic differences in parent preference to be present for painful medical procedures. Pediatrics 116:e191–e197 PubMedCrossRef
423.
Boie ET, Moore GP, Brummett C, Nelson DR (1999) Do parents want to be present during invasive procedures performed on their children in the emergency department? A survey of 400 parents. Ann Emerg Med 34:70–74 PubMedCrossRef
424.
Andrews R, Andrews R (2004) Family presence during a failed major trauma resuscitation attempt of a 15-year-old boy: lessons learned. J Emerg Nurs 30:556–558. (see comment) PubMed
425.
Dill K, Gance-Cleveland B, Dill K, Gance-Cleveland B (2005) With you until the end: family presence during failed resuscitation. J Spec Pediatr Nurs 10:204–207 PubMedCrossRef
426.
Gold KJ, Gorenflo DW, Schwenk TL et al (2006) Physician experience with family presence during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in children. Pediatr Crit Care Med 7:428–433. (see comment) PubMedCrossRef
427.
Duran CR, Oman KS, Abel JJ, Koziel VM, Szymanski D (2007) Attitudes toward and beliefs about family presence: a survey of healthcare providers, patients' families, and patients. Am J Crit Care 16:270–279 PubMed
428.
McAlvin SS, Carew-Lyons A (2014) Family presence during resuscitation and invasive procedures in pediatric critical care: a systematic review. Am J Crit Care 23:477–484. (Quiz 485) PubMedCrossRef
429.
Gaudreault J, Carnevale FA (2012) Should I stay or should I go? Parental struggles when witnessing resuscitative measures on another child in the pediatric intensive care unit. Pediatr Crit Care Med 13:146–151 PubMedCrossRef
430.
Fullbrook S (2007) End-of-life issues: common law and the Mental Capacity Act 2005. Br J Nurs 16:816–818 PubMedCrossRef
431.
Giannini A, Miccinesi G (2011) Parental presence and visiting policies in Italian pediatric intensive care units: a national survey. Pediatr Crit Care Med 12:e46–e50 PubMedCrossRef
432.
Perez Alonso V, Gomez Saez F, Gonzalez-Granado LI, Rojo Conejo P (2009) [Presence of parents in the emergency room during invasive procedures: do they prefer to be present?]. An Pediatr (Barc) 70:230–234 CrossRef
433.
Maxton FJ (2008) Parental presence during resuscitation in the PICU: the parents’ experience. Sharing and surviving the resuscitation: a phenomenological study. J Clin Nurs 17:3168–3176 PubMedCrossRef
434.
Dingeman RS, Mitchell EA, Meyer EC, Curley MA (2007) Parent presence during complex invasive procedures and cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a systematic review of the literature. Pediatrics 120:842–854 PubMedCrossRef
435.
Meyers TA, Eichhorn DJ, Guzzetta CE et al (2000) Family presence during invasive procedures and resuscitation. Am J Nurs 100:32–42. (Quiz 43) PubMed
436.
O’Connell KJ, Farah MM, Spandorfer P et al (2007) Family presence during pediatric trauma team activation: an assessment of a structured program. Pediatrics 120:e565–e574 CrossRef
437.
Engel KG, Barnosky AR, Berry-Bovia M et al (2007) Provider experience and attitudes toward family presence during resuscitation procedures. J Palliat Med 10:1007–1009 PubMedCrossRef
438.
Holzhauser K, Finucane J, De Vries S (2005) Family presence during resuscitation: a randomised controlled trial of the impact of family presence. Australas Emerg Nurs J 8:139–147 CrossRef
439.
Doyle CJ, Post H, Burney RE, Maino J, Keefe M, Rhee KJ (1987) Family participation during resuscitation: an option. Ann Emerg Med 16:673–675 PubMedCrossRef
440.
Curley MA, Meyer EC, Scoppettuolo LA et al (2012) Parent presence during invasive procedures and resuscitation: evaluating a clinical practice change. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 186:1133–1139 PubMedCrossRef
441.
Carroll DL (2014) The effect of intensive care unit environments on nurse perceptions of family presence during resuscitation and invasive procedures. Dimens Crit Care Nurs 33:34–39 PubMedCrossRef
442.
Meyers TA, Eichhorn DJ, Guzzetta CE (1998) Do families want to be present during CPR? A retrospective survey. J Emerg Nurs 24:400–405 PubMed
443.
Hanson C, Strawser D (1992) Family presence during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: Foote Hospital emergency department’s nine-year perspective. J Emerg Nurs 18:104–106 PubMed
444.
Robinson SM, Mackenzie-Ross S, Campbell Hewson GL, Egleston CV, Prevost AT (1998) Psychological effect of witnessed resuscitation on bereaved relatives. Lancet 352:614–617 PubMedCrossRef
445.
Compton S, Madgy A, Goldstein M et al (2006) Emergency medical service providers' experience with family presence during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 70:223–228 PubMedCrossRef
446.
Vavarouta A, Xanthos T, Papadimitriou L, Kouskouni E, Iacovidou N (2011) Family presence during resuscitation and invasive procedures: physicians’ and nurses’ attitudes working in pediatric departments in Greece. Resuscitation 82:713–716 PubMedCrossRef
447.
Corniero P, Gamell A, Parra Cotanda C, Trenchs V, Cubells CL (2011) Family presence during invasive procedures at the emergency department: what is the opinion of Spanish medical staff? Pediatr Emerg Care 27:86–91 PubMedCrossRef
448.
Beckman AW, Sloan BK, Moore GP et al (2002) Should parents be present during emergency department procedures on children, and who should make that decision? A survey of emergency physician and nurse attitudes. Acad Emerg Med 9:154–158 PubMedCrossRef
449.
Eppich WJ, Arnold LD (2003) Family member presence in the pediatric emergency department. Curr Opin Pediatr 15:294–298 PubMedCrossRef
450.
Eichhorn DJ, Meyers TA, Mitchell TG, Guzzetta CE (1996) Opening the doors: family presence during resuscitation. J Cardiovasc Nurs 10:59–70 PubMedCrossRef
451.
Jarvis AS (1998) Parental presence during resuscitation: attitudes of staff on a paediatric intensive care unit. Intensive Crit Care Nurs 14:3–7 PubMedCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Lebensrettende Maßnahmen bei Kindern („paediatric life support“)
Kapitel 6 der Leitlinien zur Reanimation 2015 des European Resuscitation Council
verfasst von
I.K. Maconochie
R. Bingham
C. Eich
J. López-Herce
A. Rodríguez-Núñez
T. Rajka
P. Van de Voorde
D.A. Zideman
D. Biarent
Publikationsdatum
01.12.2015
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in
Notfall + Rettungsmedizin / Ausgabe 8/2015
Print ISSN: 1434-6222
Elektronische ISSN: 1436-0578
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10049-015-0095-8

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 8/2015

Notfall + Rettungsmedizin 8/2015 Zur Ausgabe

ERC Leitlinien

Basismaßnahmen zur Wiederbelebung Erwachsener und Verwendung automatisierter externer Defibrillatoren

ERC Leitlinien

Ausbildung und Implementierung der Reanimation

ERC Leitlinien

Kreislaufstillstand in besonderen Situationen

Editorial

A tragedy we want to change

ERC Leitlinien

Die Versorgung und Reanimation des Neugeborenen

ERC Leitlinien

Erweiterte Reanimationsmaßnahmen für Erwachsene („adult advanced life support“)