Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Notfall +  Rettungsmedizin 7/2010

01.11.2010 | ERC-Leitlinien

Kreislaufstillstand unter besonderen Umständen: Elektrolytstörungen, Vergiftungen, Ertrinken, Unterkühlung, Hitzekrankheit, Asthma, Anaphylaxie, Herzchirurgie, Trauma, Schwangerschaft, Stromunfall

Sektion 8 der Leitlinien zur Reanimation 2010 des European Resuscitation Council

verfasst von: J. Soar, G.D. Perkins, G. Abbas, A. Alfonzo, A. Barelli, J.J.L.M. Bierens, H. Brugger, C.D. Deakin, J. Dunning, M. Georgiou, A.J. Handley, D.J. Lockey, P. Paal, C. Sandroni, K.-C. Thies, D.A. Zideman, J.P. Nolan

Erschienen in: Notfall + Rettungsmedizin | Ausgabe 7/2010

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Auszug

Elektrolytstörungen können Herzrhythmusstörungen und einen Kreislaufstillstand auslösen. Lebensbedrohliche Herzrhythmusstörungen sind gewöhnlich mit Störungen des Kaliumhaushalts, insbesondere Hyperkalämien, und weniger häufig mit Entgleisungen der Serumkalzium- und Serummagnesiumspiegel assoziiert. In manchen Situationen soll die Therapie einer lebensbedrohlichen Elektrolytstörung bereits vor dem Eintreffen der Laborwerte eingeleitet werden. …
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Soar J, Deakin CD, Nolan JP et al (2005) European Resuscitation Council guidelines for resuscitation 2005. Section 7. Cardiac arrest in special circumstances. Resuscitation 67(Suppl 1):S135–S170PubMed Soar J, Deakin CD, Nolan JP et al (2005) European Resuscitation Council guidelines for resuscitation 2005. Section 7. Cardiac arrest in special circumstances. Resuscitation 67(Suppl 1):S135–S170PubMed
2.
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Niemann JT, Cairns CB (1999) Hyperkalemia and ionized hypocalcemia during cardiacarrest and resuscitation: possible culprits for postcountershock arrhythmias? Ann Emerg Med 34:1–7PubMed Niemann JT, Cairns CB (1999) Hyperkalemia and ionized hypocalcemia during cardiacarrest and resuscitation: possible culprits for postcountershock arrhythmias? Ann Emerg Med 34:1–7PubMed
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Ahmed J, Weisberg LS (2001) Hyperkalemia in dialysis patients. Semin Dial 14:348–356PubMed Ahmed J, Weisberg LS (2001) Hyperkalemia in dialysis patients. Semin Dial 14:348–356PubMed
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Alfonzo AV, Isles C, Geddes C, Deighan C (2006) Potassium disorders – clinical spectrum and emergency management. Resuscitation 70:10–25PubMed Alfonzo AV, Isles C, Geddes C, Deighan C (2006) Potassium disorders – clinical spectrum and emergency management. Resuscitation 70:10–25PubMed
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Mahoney B, Smith W, Lo D et al (2005) Emergency interventions for hyperkalaemia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev:CD003235 Mahoney B, Smith W, Lo D et al (2005) Emergency interventions for hyperkalaemia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev:CD003235
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Ngugi NN, McLigeyo SO, Kayima JK (1997) Treatment of hyperkalaemia by altering the transcellular gradient in patients with renal failure: effect of various therapeutic approaches. East Afr Med J 74:503–509PubMed Ngugi NN, McLigeyo SO, Kayima JK (1997) Treatment of hyperkalaemia by altering the transcellular gradient in patients with renal failure: effect of various therapeutic approaches. East Afr Med J 74:503–509PubMed
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Allon M, Shanklin N (1996) Effect of bicarbonate administration on plasma potassium in dialysis patients: interactions with insulin and albuterol. Am J Kidney Dis 28:508–514PubMed Allon M, Shanklin N (1996) Effect of bicarbonate administration on plasma potassium in dialysis patients: interactions with insulin and albuterol. Am J Kidney Dis 28:508–514PubMed
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Zehnder C, Gutzwiller JP, Huber A et al (2001) Low-potassium and glucose-free dialysis maintains urea but enhances potassium removal. Nephrol Dial Transplant 16:78–84PubMed Zehnder C, Gutzwiller JP, Huber A et al (2001) Low-potassium and glucose-free dialysis maintains urea but enhances potassium removal. Nephrol Dial Transplant 16:78–84PubMed
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Gutzwiller JP, Schneditz D, Huber AR et al (2003) Increasing blood flow increases kt/V(urea) and potassium removal but fails to improve phosphate removal. Clin Nephrol 59:130–136PubMed Gutzwiller JP, Schneditz D, Huber AR et al (2003) Increasing blood flow increases kt/V(urea) and potassium removal but fails to improve phosphate removal. Clin Nephrol 59:130–136PubMed
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Heguilen RM, Sciurano C, Bellusci AD et al (2005) The faster potassium-lowering effect of high dialysate bicarbonate concentrations in chronic haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 20:591–597PubMed Heguilen RM, Sciurano C, Bellusci AD et al (2005) The faster potassium-lowering effect of high dialysate bicarbonate concentrations in chronic haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 20:591–597PubMed
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Pun PH, Lehrich RW, Smith SR, Middleton JP (2007) Predictors of survival after cardiac arrest in outpatient hemodialysis clinics. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2:491–500PubMed Pun PH, Lehrich RW, Smith SR, Middleton JP (2007) Predictors of survival after cardiac arrest in outpatient hemodialysis clinics. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2:491–500PubMed
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Alfonzo AV, Simpson K, Deighan C et al (2007) Modifications to advanced life support in renal failure. Resuscitation 73:12–28PubMed Alfonzo AV, Simpson K, Deighan C et al (2007) Modifications to advanced life support in renal failure. Resuscitation 73:12–28PubMed
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Davis TR, Young BA, Eisenberg MS et al (2008) Outcome of cardiac arrests attended by emergency medical services staff at community outpatient dialysis centers. Kidney Int 73:933–939PubMed Davis TR, Young BA, Eisenberg MS et al (2008) Outcome of cardiac arrests attended by emergency medical services staff at community outpatient dialysis centers. Kidney Int 73:933–939PubMed
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Lafrance JP, Nolin L, Senecal L, Leblanc M (2006) Predictors and outcome of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) calls in a large haemodialysis unit over a seven-year period. Nephrol Dial Transplant 21:1006–1012PubMed Lafrance JP, Nolin L, Senecal L, Leblanc M (2006) Predictors and outcome of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) calls in a large haemodialysis unit over a seven-year period. Nephrol Dial Transplant 21:1006–1012PubMed
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Sandroni C, Nolan J, Cavallaro F, Antonelli M (2007) In-hospital cardiac arrest: incidence, prognosis and possible measures to improve survival. Intensive Care Med 33:237–245PubMed Sandroni C, Nolan J, Cavallaro F, Antonelli M (2007) In-hospital cardiac arrest: incidence, prognosis and possible measures to improve survival. Intensive Care Med 33:237–245PubMed
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Meaney PA, Nadkarni VM, Kern KB et al (2010) Rhythms and outcomes of adult in-hospital cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med 38:101–108PubMed Meaney PA, Nadkarni VM, Kern KB et al (2010) Rhythms and outcomes of adult in-hospital cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med 38:101–108PubMed
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Bird S, Petley GW, Deakin CD, Clewlow F (2007) Defibrillation during renal dialysis: a survey of UK practice and procedural recommendations. Resuscitation 73:347–353PubMed Bird S, Petley GW, Deakin CD, Clewlow F (2007) Defibrillation during renal dialysis: a survey of UK practice and procedural recommendations. Resuscitation 73:347–353PubMed
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Lehrich RW, Pun PH, Tanenbaum ND et al (2007) Automated external defibrillators and survival from cardiac arrest in the outpatient hemodialysis clinic. J Am Soc Nephrol 18:312–320PubMed Lehrich RW, Pun PH, Tanenbaum ND et al (2007) Automated external defibrillators and survival from cardiac arrest in the outpatient hemodialysis clinic. J Am Soc Nephrol 18:312–320PubMed
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Rastegar A, Soleimani M (2001) Hypokalaemia and hyperkalaemia. Postgrad Med J 77:759–764PubMed Rastegar A, Soleimani M (2001) Hypokalaemia and hyperkalaemia. Postgrad Med J 77:759–764PubMed
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Cohn JN, Kowey PR, Whelton PK, Prisant LM (2000) New guidelines for potassium replacement in clinical practice: a contemporary review by the National Council on Potassium in Clinical Practice. Arch Intern Med 160:2429–2436PubMed Cohn JN, Kowey PR, Whelton PK, Prisant LM (2000) New guidelines for potassium replacement in clinical practice: a contemporary review by the National Council on Potassium in Clinical Practice. Arch Intern Med 160:2429–2436PubMed
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Bronstein AC, Spyker DA, Cantilena LR Jr et al (2009) 2008 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers‘ National Poison Data System (NPDS): 26th Annual Report. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 47:911–1084 Bronstein AC, Spyker DA, Cantilena LR Jr et al (2009) 2008 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers‘ National Poison Data System (NPDS): 26th Annual Report. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 47:911–1084
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Yanagawa Y, Sakamoto T, Okada Y (2007) Recovery from a psychotropic drug overdose tends to depend on the time from ingestion to arrival, the Glasgow Coma Scale, and a sign of circulatory insufficiency on arrival. Am J Emerg Med 25:757–761PubMed Yanagawa Y, Sakamoto T, Okada Y (2007) Recovery from a psychotropic drug overdose tends to depend on the time from ingestion to arrival, the Glasgow Coma Scale, and a sign of circulatory insufficiency on arrival. Am J Emerg Med 25:757–761PubMed
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Zimmerman JL (2003) Poisonings and overdoses in the intensive care unit: General and specific management issues. Crit Care Med 31:2794–2801PubMed Zimmerman JL (2003) Poisonings and overdoses in the intensive care unit: General and specific management issues. Crit Care Med 31:2794–2801PubMed
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Proudfoot AT, Krenzelok EP, Vale JA (2004) Position Paper on urine alkalinization. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 42:1–26PubMed Proudfoot AT, Krenzelok EP, Vale JA (2004) Position Paper on urine alkalinization. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 42:1–26PubMed
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Greene S, Harris C, Singer J (2008) Gastrointestinal decontamination of the poisoned patient. Pediatr Emerg Care 24:176–186 quiz 87–89PubMed Greene S, Harris C, Singer J (2008) Gastrointestinal decontamination of the poisoned patient. Pediatr Emerg Care 24:176–186 quiz 87–89PubMed
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Vale JA (1997) Position statement: gastric lavage. American Academy of Clinical Toxicology European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 35:711–719PubMed Vale JA (1997) Position statement: gastric lavage. American Academy of Clinical Toxicology European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 35:711–719PubMed
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Vale JA, Kulig K (2004) Position paper: gastric lavage. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 42:933–943PubMed Vale JA, Kulig K (2004) Position paper: gastric lavage. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 42:933–943PubMed
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Krenzelok EP, McGuigan M, Lheur P (1997) Position statement: ipecac syrup. American Academy of Clinical Toxicology European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 35:699–709PubMed Krenzelok EP, McGuigan M, Lheur P (1997) Position statement: ipecac syrup. American Academy of Clinical Toxicology European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 35:699–709PubMed
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Chyka PA, Seger D, Krenzelok EP, Vale JA (2005) Position paper: Single-dose activated charcoal. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 43:61–87 Chyka PA, Seger D, Krenzelok EP, Vale JA (2005) Position paper: Single-dose activated charcoal. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 43:61–87
31.
Zurück zum Zitat (o A) (2004) Position paper: whole bowel irrigation. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 42:843–854 (o A) (2004) Position paper: whole bowel irrigation. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 42:843–854
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Krenzelok EP (2005) Ipecac syrup-induced emesis…no evidence of benefit. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 43:11–12 Krenzelok EP (2005) Ipecac syrup-induced emesis…no evidence of benefit. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 43:11–12
33.
Zurück zum Zitat (o A) (2004) Position paper: Ipecac syrup. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 42:133–143 (o A) (2004) Position paper: Ipecac syrup. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 42:133–143
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Pitetti RD, Singh S, Pierce MC (2003) Safe and efficacious use of procedural sedation and analgesia by nonanesthesiologists in a pediatric emergency department. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 157:1090–1096PubMed Pitetti RD, Singh S, Pierce MC (2003) Safe and efficacious use of procedural sedation and analgesia by nonanesthesiologists in a pediatric emergency department. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 157:1090–1096PubMed
35.
Zurück zum Zitat (o A) (1992) Treatment of benzodiazepine overdose with flumazenil. The Flumazenil in Benzodiazepine Intoxication Multicenter Study Group. Clin Ther 14:978–995 (o A) (1992) Treatment of benzodiazepine overdose with flumazenil. The Flumazenil in Benzodiazepine Intoxication Multicenter Study Group. Clin Ther 14:978–995
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Lheureux P, Vranckx M, Leduc D, Askenasi R (1992) Flumazenil in mixed benzodiazepine/tricyclic antidepressant overdose: a placebo-controlled study in the dog. Am J Emerg Med 10:184–188PubMed Lheureux P, Vranckx M, Leduc D, Askenasi R (1992) Flumazenil in mixed benzodiazepine/tricyclic antidepressant overdose: a placebo-controlled study in the dog. Am J Emerg Med 10:184–188PubMed
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Beauvoir C, Passeron D, du Cailar G, Millet E (1991) Diltiazem poisoning: hemodynamic aspects. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 10:154–157PubMed Beauvoir C, Passeron D, du Cailar G, Millet E (1991) Diltiazem poisoning: hemodynamic aspects. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 10:154–157PubMed
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Gillart T, Loiseau S, Azarnoush K et al (2008) Resuscitation after three hours of cardiac arrest with severe hypothermia following a toxic coma. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 27:510–513PubMed Gillart T, Loiseau S, Azarnoush K et al (2008) Resuscitation after three hours of cardiac arrest with severe hypothermia following a toxic coma. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 27:510–513PubMed
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Nordt SP, Clark RF (1997) Midazolam: a review of therapeutic uses and toxicity. J Emerg Med 15:357–365PubMed Nordt SP, Clark RF (1997) Midazolam: a review of therapeutic uses and toxicity. J Emerg Med 15:357–365PubMed
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Machin KL, Caulkett NA (1998) Cardiopulmonary effects of propofol and a medetomidinemidazolam- ketamine combination in mallard ducks. Am J Vet Res 59:598–602PubMed Machin KL, Caulkett NA (1998) Cardiopulmonary effects of propofol and a medetomidinemidazolam- ketamine combination in mallard ducks. Am J Vet Res 59:598–602PubMed
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Osterwalder JJ (1996) Naloxone – for intoxications with intravenous heroin and heroin mixtures – harmless or hazardous? A prospective clinical study. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 34:409–416PubMed Osterwalder JJ (1996) Naloxone – for intoxications with intravenous heroin and heroin mixtures – harmless or hazardous? A prospective clinical study. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 34:409–416PubMed
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Sporer KA, Firestone J, Isaacs SM (1996) Out-of-hospital treatment of opioid overdoses in an urban setting. Acad Emerg Med 3:660–667PubMed Sporer KA, Firestone J, Isaacs SM (1996) Out-of-hospital treatment of opioid overdoses in an urban setting. Acad Emerg Med 3:660–667PubMed
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Wanger K, Brough L, Macmillan I et al (1998) Intravenous vs subcutaneous naloxone for out-of-hospital management of presumed opioid overdose. Acad Emerg Med 5:293–299PubMed Wanger K, Brough L, Macmillan I et al (1998) Intravenous vs subcutaneous naloxone for out-of-hospital management of presumed opioid overdose. Acad Emerg Med 5:293–299PubMed
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Hasan RA, Benko AS, Nolan BM et al (2003) Cardiorespiratory effects of naloxone in children. Ann Pharmacother 37:1587–1592PubMed Hasan RA, Benko AS, Nolan BM et al (2003) Cardiorespiratory effects of naloxone in children. Ann Pharmacother 37:1587–1592PubMed
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Sporer KA (1999) Acute heroin overdose. Ann Intern Med 130:584–590PubMed Sporer KA (1999) Acute heroin overdose. Ann Intern Med 130:584–590PubMed
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Kaplan JL, Marx JA, Calabro JJ et al (1999) Double-blind, randomized study of nalmefene and naloxone in emergency department patients with suspected narcotic overdose. Ann Emerg Med 34:42–50PubMed Kaplan JL, Marx JA, Calabro JJ et al (1999) Double-blind, randomized study of nalmefene and naloxone in emergency department patients with suspected narcotic overdose. Ann Emerg Med 34:42–50PubMed
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Schneir AB, Vadeboncoeur TF, Offerman SR et al (2002) Massive OxyContin ingestion refractory to naloxone therapy. Ann Emerg Med 40:425–428PubMed Schneir AB, Vadeboncoeur TF, Offerman SR et al (2002) Massive OxyContin ingestion refractory to naloxone therapy. Ann Emerg Med 40:425–428PubMed
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Kelly AM, Kerr D, Dietze P et al (2005) Randomised trial of intranasal versus intramuscular naloxone in prehospital treatment for suspected opioid overdose. Med J Aust 182:24–27PubMed Kelly AM, Kerr D, Dietze P et al (2005) Randomised trial of intranasal versus intramuscular naloxone in prehospital treatment for suspected opioid overdose. Med J Aust 182:24–27PubMed
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Robertson TM, Hendey GW, Stroh G, Shalit M (2009) Intranasal naloxone is a viable alternative to intravenous naloxone for prehospital narcotic overdose. Prehosp Emerg Care 13:512–515PubMed Robertson TM, Hendey GW, Stroh G, Shalit M (2009) Intranasal naloxone is a viable alternative to intravenous naloxone for prehospital narcotic overdose. Prehosp Emerg Care 13:512–515PubMed
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Tokarski GF, Young MJ (1988) Criteria for admitting patients with tricyclic antidepressant overdose. J Emerg Med 6:121–124PubMed Tokarski GF, Young MJ (1988) Criteria for admitting patients with tricyclic antidepressant overdose. J Emerg Med 6:121–124PubMed
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Banahan BF Jr, Schelkun PH (1990) Tricyclic antidepressant overdose: conservative management in a community hospital with cost-saving implications. J Emerg Med 8:451–454PubMed Banahan BF Jr, Schelkun PH (1990) Tricyclic antidepressant overdose: conservative management in a community hospital with cost-saving implications. J Emerg Med 8:451–454PubMed
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Hulten BA, Adams R, Askenasi R et al (1992) Predicting severity of tricyclic antidepressant overdose. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 30:161–170PubMed Hulten BA, Adams R, Askenasi R et al (1992) Predicting severity of tricyclic antidepressant overdose. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 30:161–170PubMed
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Bailey B, Buckley NA, Amre DK (2004) A meta-analysis of prognostic indicators to predict seizures, arrhythmias or death after tricyclic antidepressant overdose. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 42:877–888PubMed Bailey B, Buckley NA, Amre DK (2004) A meta-analysis of prognostic indicators to predict seizures, arrhythmias or death after tricyclic antidepressant overdose. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 42:877–888PubMed
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Thanacoody HK, Thomas SH (2005) Tricyclic antidepressant poisoning: cardiovascular toxicity. Toxicol Rev 24:205–214PubMed Thanacoody HK, Thomas SH (2005) Tricyclic antidepressant poisoning: cardiovascular toxicity. Toxicol Rev 24:205–214PubMed
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Woolf AD, Erdman AR, Nelson LS et al (2007) Tricyclic antidepressant poisoning: an evidence-based consensus guideline for out-of-hospital management. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 45:203–233 Woolf AD, Erdman AR, Nelson LS et al (2007) Tricyclic antidepressant poisoning: an evidence-based consensus guideline for out-of-hospital management. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 45:203–233
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Hoffman JR, Votey SR, Bayer M, Silver L (1993) Effect of hypertonic sodium bicarbonate in the treatment of moderate-to-severe cyclic antidepressant overdose. Am J Emerg Med 11:336–341PubMed Hoffman JR, Votey SR, Bayer M, Silver L (1993) Effect of hypertonic sodium bicarbonate in the treatment of moderate-to-severe cyclic antidepressant overdose. Am J Emerg Med 11:336–341PubMed
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Koppel C, Wiegreffe A, Tenczer J (1992) Clinical course, therapy, outcome and analytical data in amitriptyline and combined amitriptyline/chlordiazepoxide overdose. Hum Exp Toxicol 11:458–465PubMed Koppel C, Wiegreffe A, Tenczer J (1992) Clinical course, therapy, outcome and analytical data in amitriptyline and combined amitriptyline/chlordiazepoxide overdose. Hum Exp Toxicol 11:458–465PubMed
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Brown TC (1976) Tricyclic antidepressant overdosage: experimental studies on the management of circulatory complications. Clin Toxicol 9:255–272PubMed Brown TC (1976) Tricyclic antidepressant overdosage: experimental studies on the management of circulatory complications. Clin Toxicol 9:255–272PubMed
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Hedges JR, Baker PB, Tasset JJ et al (1985) Bicarbonate therapy for the cardiovascular toxicity of amitriptyline in an animal model. J Emerg Med 3:253–260PubMed Hedges JR, Baker PB, Tasset JJ et al (1985) Bicarbonate therapy for the cardiovascular toxicity of amitriptyline in an animal model. J Emerg Med 3:253–260PubMed
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Knudsen K, Abrahamsson J (1997) Epinephrine and sodium bicarbonate independently and additively increase survival in experimental amitriptyline poisoning. Crit Care Med 25:669–674PubMed Knudsen K, Abrahamsson J (1997) Epinephrine and sodium bicarbonate independently and additively increase survival in experimental amitriptyline poisoning. Crit Care Med 25:669–674PubMed
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Nattel S, Mittleman M (1984) Treatment of ventricular tachyarrhythmias resulting from amitriptyline toxicity in dogs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 231:430–435PubMed Nattel S, Mittleman M (1984) Treatment of ventricular tachyarrhythmias resulting from amitriptyline toxicity in dogs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 231:430–435PubMed
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Pentel P, Benowitz N (1984) Efficacy and mechanism of action of sodium bicarbonate in the treatment of desipramine toxicity in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 230:12–19PubMed Pentel P, Benowitz N (1984) Efficacy and mechanism of action of sodium bicarbonate in the treatment of desipramine toxicity in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 230:12–19PubMed
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Sasyniuk BI, Jhamandas V, Valois M (1986) Experimental amitriptyline intoxication: treatment of cardiac toxicity with sodium bicarbonate. Ann Emerg Med 15:1052–1059PubMed Sasyniuk BI, Jhamandas V, Valois M (1986) Experimental amitriptyline intoxication: treatment of cardiac toxicity with sodium bicarbonate. Ann Emerg Med 15:1052–1059PubMed
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Yoav G, Odelia G, Shaltiel C (2002) A lipid emulsion reduces mortality from clomipramine overdose in rats. Vet Hum Toxicol 44:30PubMed Yoav G, Odelia G, Shaltiel C (2002) A lipid emulsion reduces mortality from clomipramine overdose in rats. Vet Hum Toxicol 44:30PubMed
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Harvey M, Cave G (2007) Intralipid outperforms sodium bicarbonate in a rabbit model of clomipramine toxicity. Ann Emerg Med 49:178–185, 85 e1–e4PubMed Harvey M, Cave G (2007) Intralipid outperforms sodium bicarbonate in a rabbit model of clomipramine toxicity. Ann Emerg Med 49:178–185, 85 e1–e4PubMed
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Brunn GJ, Keyler DE, Pond SM, Pentel PR (1992) Reversal of desipramine toxicity in rats using drug-specific antibody Fab‘ fragment: effects on hypotension and interaction with sodium bicarbonate. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 260:1392–1399PubMed Brunn GJ, Keyler DE, Pond SM, Pentel PR (1992) Reversal of desipramine toxicity in rats using drug-specific antibody Fab‘ fragment: effects on hypotension and interaction with sodium bicarbonate. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 260:1392–1399PubMed
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Brunn GJ, Keyler DE, Ross CA et al (1991) Drug-specific F(ab‘)2 fragment reduces desipramine cardiotoxicity in rats. Int J Immunopharmacol 13:841–851PubMed Brunn GJ, Keyler DE, Ross CA et al (1991) Drug-specific F(ab‘)2 fragment reduces desipramine cardiotoxicity in rats. Int J Immunopharmacol 13:841–851PubMed
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Hursting MJ, Opheim KE, Raisys VA et al (1989) Tricyclic antidepressant-specific Fab fragments alter the distribution and elimination of desipramine in the rabbit: a model for overdose treatment. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 27:53–66PubMed Hursting MJ, Opheim KE, Raisys VA et al (1989) Tricyclic antidepressant-specific Fab fragments alter the distribution and elimination of desipramine in the rabbit: a model for overdose treatment. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 27:53–66PubMed
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Pentel PR, Scarlett W, Ross CA et al (1995) Reduction of desipramine cardiotoxicity and prolongation of survival in rats with the use of polyclonal drugspecific antibody Fab fragments. Ann Emerg Med 26:334–341PubMed Pentel PR, Scarlett W, Ross CA et al (1995) Reduction of desipramine cardiotoxicity and prolongation of survival in rats with the use of polyclonal drugspecific antibody Fab fragments. Ann Emerg Med 26:334–341PubMed
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Pentel PR, Ross CA, Landon J et al (1994) Reversal of desipramine toxicity in rats with polyclonal drug-specific antibody Fab fragments. J Lab Clin Med 123:387–393PubMed Pentel PR, Ross CA, Landon J et al (1994) Reversal of desipramine toxicity in rats with polyclonal drug-specific antibody Fab fragments. J Lab Clin Med 123:387–393PubMed
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Dart RC, Sidki A, Sullivan JB Jr et al (1996) Ovine desipramine antibody fragments reverse desipramine cardiovascular toxicity in the rat. Ann Emerg Med 27:309–315PubMed Dart RC, Sidki A, Sullivan JB Jr et al (1996) Ovine desipramine antibody fragments reverse desipramine cardiovascular toxicity in the rat. Ann Emerg Med 27:309–315PubMed
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Heard K, Dart RC, Bogdan G et al (2006) A preliminary study of tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) ovine FAB for TCA toxicity. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 44:275–281 Heard K, Dart RC, Bogdan G et al (2006) A preliminary study of tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) ovine FAB for TCA toxicity. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 44:275–281
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Pentel P, Peterson CD (1980) Asystole complicating physostigmine treatment of tricyclic antidepressant overdose. Ann Emerg Med 9:588–590PubMed Pentel P, Peterson CD (1980) Asystole complicating physostigmine treatment of tricyclic antidepressant overdose. Ann Emerg Med 9:588–590PubMed
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Lange RA, Cigarroa RG, Yancy CW Jr et al (1989) Cocaine-induced coronary-artery vasoconstriction. N Engl J Med 321:1557–1562PubMed Lange RA, Cigarroa RG, Yancy CW Jr et al (1989) Cocaine-induced coronary-artery vasoconstriction. N Engl J Med 321:1557–1562PubMed
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Baumann BM, Perrone J, Hornig SE et al (2000) Randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial of diazepam, nitroglycerin, or both for treatment of patients with potential cocaine-associated acute coronary syndromes. Acad Emerg Med 7:878–885PubMed Baumann BM, Perrone J, Hornig SE et al (2000) Randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial of diazepam, nitroglycerin, or both for treatment of patients with potential cocaine-associated acute coronary syndromes. Acad Emerg Med 7:878–885PubMed
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Honderick T, Williams D, Seaberg D, Wears R (2003) A prospective, randomized, controlled trial of benzodiazepines and nitroglycerine or nitroglycerine alone in the treatment of cocaineassociated acute coronary syndromes. Am J Emerg Med 21:39–42PubMed Honderick T, Williams D, Seaberg D, Wears R (2003) A prospective, randomized, controlled trial of benzodiazepines and nitroglycerine or nitroglycerine alone in the treatment of cocaineassociated acute coronary syndromes. Am J Emerg Med 21:39–42PubMed
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Negus BH, Willard JE, Hillis LD et al (1994) Alleviation of cocaine-induced coronary vasoconstriction with intravenous verapamil. Am J Cardiol 73:510–513PubMed Negus BH, Willard JE, Hillis LD et al (1994) Alleviation of cocaine-induced coronary vasoconstriction with intravenous verapamil. Am J Cardiol 73:510–513PubMed
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Saland KE, Hillis LD, Lange RA, Cigarroa JE (2002) Influence of morphine sulfate on cocaine-induced coronary vasoconstriction. Am J Cardiol 90:810–811PubMed Saland KE, Hillis LD, Lange RA, Cigarroa JE (2002) Influence of morphine sulfate on cocaine-induced coronary vasoconstriction. Am J Cardiol 90:810–811PubMed
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Brogan WCI, Lange RA, Kim AS et al (1991) Alleviation of cocaineinduced coronary vasoconstriction by nitroglycerin. J Am Coll Cardiol 18:581–586PubMed Brogan WCI, Lange RA, Kim AS et al (1991) Alleviation of cocaineinduced coronary vasoconstriction by nitroglycerin. J Am Coll Cardiol 18:581–586PubMed
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Hollander JE, Hoffman RS, Gennis P et al (1994) Nitroglycerin in the treatment of cocaine associated chest pain – clinical safety and efficacy. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 32:243–256PubMed Hollander JE, Hoffman RS, Gennis P et al (1994) Nitroglycerin in the treatment of cocaine associated chest pain – clinical safety and efficacy. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 32:243–256PubMed
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Dattilo PB, Hailpern SM, Fearon K et al (2008) Beta-blockers are associated with reduced risk of myocardial infarction after cocaine use. Ann Emerg Med 51:117–125PubMed Dattilo PB, Hailpern SM, Fearon K et al (2008) Beta-blockers are associated with reduced risk of myocardial infarction after cocaine use. Ann Emerg Med 51:117–125PubMed
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Vongpatanasin W, Mansour Y, Chavoshan B et al (1999) Cocaine stimulates the human cardiovascular system via a central mechanism of action. Circulation 100:497–502PubMed Vongpatanasin W, Mansour Y, Chavoshan B et al (1999) Cocaine stimulates the human cardiovascular system via a central mechanism of action. Circulation 100:497–502PubMed
83.
Zurück zum Zitat Lange RA, Cigarroa RG, Flores ED et al (1990) Potentiation of cocaine-induced coronary vasoconstriction by beta-adrenergic blockade. Ann Intern Med 112:897–903PubMed Lange RA, Cigarroa RG, Flores ED et al (1990) Potentiation of cocaine-induced coronary vasoconstriction by beta-adrenergic blockade. Ann Intern Med 112:897–903PubMed
84.
Zurück zum Zitat Sand IC, Brody SL, Wrenn KD, Slovis CM (1991) Experience with esmolol for the treatment of cocaine-associated cardiovascular complications. Am J Emerg Med 9:161–163PubMed Sand IC, Brody SL, Wrenn KD, Slovis CM (1991) Experience with esmolol for the treatment of cocaine-associated cardiovascular complications. Am J Emerg Med 9:161–163PubMed
85.
Zurück zum Zitat Sofuoglu M, Brown S, Babb DA et al (2000) Carvedilol affects the physiological and behavioral response to smoked cocaine in humans. Drug Alcohol Depend 60:69–76PubMed Sofuoglu M, Brown S, Babb DA et al (2000) Carvedilol affects the physiological and behavioral response to smoked cocaine in humans. Drug Alcohol Depend 60:69–76PubMed
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Sofuoglu M, Brown S, Babb DA et al (2000) Effects of labetalol treatment on the physiological and subjective response to smoked cocaine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 65:255–259PubMed Sofuoglu M, Brown S, Babb DA et al (2000) Effects of labetalol treatment on the physiological and subjective response to smoked cocaine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 65:255–259PubMed
87.
Zurück zum Zitat Boehrer JD, Moliterno DJ, Willard JE et al (1993) Influence of labetalol on cocaine-induced coronary vasoconstriction in humans. Am J Med 94:608–610PubMed Boehrer JD, Moliterno DJ, Willard JE et al (1993) Influence of labetalol on cocaine-induced coronary vasoconstriction in humans. Am J Med 94:608–610PubMed
88.
Zurück zum Zitat Hsue PY, McManus D, Selby V et al (2007) Cardiac arrest in patients who smoke crack cocaine. Am J Cardiol 99:822–824PubMed Hsue PY, McManus D, Selby V et al (2007) Cardiac arrest in patients who smoke crack cocaine. Am J Cardiol 99:822–824PubMed
89.
Zurück zum Zitat Litz RJ, Popp M, Stehr SN, Koch T (2006) Successful resuscitation of a patient with ropivacaine-induced asystole after axillary plexus block using lipid infusion. Anaesthesia 61:800–801PubMed Litz RJ, Popp M, Stehr SN, Koch T (2006) Successful resuscitation of a patient with ropivacaine-induced asystole after axillary plexus block using lipid infusion. Anaesthesia 61:800–801PubMed
90.
Zurück zum Zitat Rosenblatt MA, Abel M, Fischer GW et al (2006) Successful use of a 20% lipid emulsion to resuscitate a patient after a presumed bupivacaine-related cardiac arrest. Anesthesiology 105:217–218PubMed Rosenblatt MA, Abel M, Fischer GW et al (2006) Successful use of a 20% lipid emulsion to resuscitate a patient after a presumed bupivacaine-related cardiac arrest. Anesthesiology 105:217–218PubMed
91.
Zurück zum Zitat Marwick PC, Levin AI, Coetzee AR (2009) Recurrence of cardiotoxicity after lipid rescue from bupivacaine-induced cardiac arrest. Anesth Analg 108:1344–1346PubMed Marwick PC, Levin AI, Coetzee AR (2009) Recurrence of cardiotoxicity after lipid rescue from bupivacaine-induced cardiac arrest. Anesth Analg 108:1344–1346PubMed
92.
Zurück zum Zitat Smith HM, Jacob AK, Segura LG et al (2008) Simulation education in anesthesia training: a case report of successful resuscitation of bupivacaine-induced cardiac arrest linked to recent simulation training. Anesth Analg 106:1581–1584, table of contentsPubMed Smith HM, Jacob AK, Segura LG et al (2008) Simulation education in anesthesia training: a case report of successful resuscitation of bupivacaine-induced cardiac arrest linked to recent simulation training. Anesth Analg 106:1581–1584, table of contentsPubMed
93.
Zurück zum Zitat Warren JA, Thoma RB, Georgescu A, Shah SJ (2008) Intravenous lipid infusion in the successful resuscitation of local anesthetic-induced cardiovascular collapse after supraclavicular brachial plexus block. Anesth Analg 106:1578–1580, table of contentsPubMed Warren JA, Thoma RB, Georgescu A, Shah SJ (2008) Intravenous lipid infusion in the successful resuscitation of local anesthetic-induced cardiovascular collapse after supraclavicular brachial plexus block. Anesth Analg 106:1578–1580, table of contentsPubMed
94.
Zurück zum Zitat Foxall GL, Hardman JG, Bedforth NM (2007) Three-dimensional, multiplanar, ultrasoundguided, radial nerve block. Reg Anesth Pain Med 32:516–521PubMed Foxall GL, Hardman JG, Bedforth NM (2007) Three-dimensional, multiplanar, ultrasoundguided, radial nerve block. Reg Anesth Pain Med 32:516–521PubMed
95.
Zurück zum Zitat Shah S, Gopalakrishnan S, Apuya J, Martin T (2009) Use of Intralipid in an infant with impending cardiovascular collapse due to local anesthetic toxicity. J Anesth 23:439–441PubMed Shah S, Gopalakrishnan S, Apuya J, Martin T (2009) Use of Intralipid in an infant with impending cardiovascular collapse due to local anesthetic toxicity. J Anesth 23:439–441PubMed
96.
Zurück zum Zitat Zimmer C, Piepenbrink K, Riest G, Peters J (2007) Cardiotoxic and neurotoxic effects after accidental intravascular bupivacaine administration. Therapy with lidocaine propofol and lipid emulsion. Anaesthesist 56:449–453PubMed Zimmer C, Piepenbrink K, Riest G, Peters J (2007) Cardiotoxic and neurotoxic effects after accidental intravascular bupivacaine administration. Therapy with lidocaine propofol and lipid emulsion. Anaesthesist 56:449–453PubMed
97.
Zurück zum Zitat Litz RJ, Roessel T, Heller AR, Stehr SN (2008) Reversal of central nervous system and cardiac toxicity after local anesthetic intoxication by lipid emulsion injection. Anesth Analg 106:1575–1577, table of contentsPubMed Litz RJ, Roessel T, Heller AR, Stehr SN (2008) Reversal of central nervous system and cardiac toxicity after local anesthetic intoxication by lipid emulsion injection. Anesth Analg 106:1575–1577, table of contentsPubMed
98.
Zurück zum Zitat Ludot H, Tharin JY, Belouadah M et al (2008) Successful resuscitation after ropivacaine and lidocaine-induced ventricular arrhythmia following posterior lumbar plexus block in a child. Anesth Analg 106:1572–1574, table of contentsPubMed Ludot H, Tharin JY, Belouadah M et al (2008) Successful resuscitation after ropivacaine and lidocaine-induced ventricular arrhythmia following posterior lumbar plexus block in a child. Anesth Analg 106:1572–1574, table of contentsPubMed
99.
Zurück zum Zitat Cave G, Harvey MG, Winterbottom T (2009) Evaluation of the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland lipid infusion protocol in bupivacaine induced cardiac arrest in rabbits. Anaesthesia 64:732–737PubMed Cave G, Harvey MG, Winterbottom T (2009) Evaluation of the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland lipid infusion protocol in bupivacaine induced cardiac arrest in rabbits. Anaesthesia 64:732–737PubMed
100.
Zurück zum Zitat Di Gregorio G, Schwartz D, Ripper R et al (2009) Lipid emulsion is superior to vasopressin in a rodent model of resuscitation from toxin-induced cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med 37:993–999 Di Gregorio G, Schwartz D, Ripper R et al (2009) Lipid emulsion is superior to vasopressin in a rodent model of resuscitation from toxin-induced cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med 37:993–999
101.
Zurück zum Zitat Weinberg GL, VadeBoncouer T, Ramaraju GA et al (1998) Pretreatment or resuscitation with a lipid infusion shifts the dose-response to bupivacaineinduced asystole in rats. Anesthesiology 88:1071–1075PubMed Weinberg GL, VadeBoncouer T, Ramaraju GA et al (1998) Pretreatment or resuscitation with a lipid infusion shifts the dose-response to bupivacaineinduced asystole in rats. Anesthesiology 88:1071–1075PubMed
102.
Zurück zum Zitat Weinberg G, Ripper R, Feinstein DL, Hoffman W (2003) Lipid emulsion infusion rescues dogs from bupivacaine-induced cardiac toxicity. Reg Anesth Pain Med 28:198–202PubMed Weinberg G, Ripper R, Feinstein DL, Hoffman W (2003) Lipid emulsion infusion rescues dogs from bupivacaine-induced cardiac toxicity. Reg Anesth Pain Med 28:198–202PubMed
103.
Zurück zum Zitat Weinberg GL, Di Gregorio G, Ripper R et al (2008) Resuscitation with lipid versus epinephrine in a rat model of bupivacaine overdose. Anesthesiology 108:907–913PubMed Weinberg GL, Di Gregorio G, Ripper R et al (2008) Resuscitation with lipid versus epinephrine in a rat model of bupivacaine overdose. Anesthesiology 108:907–913PubMed
104.
Zurück zum Zitat (o A) (2010) Management of severe local anaesthetic toxicity. Association of anaesthetists of great Britain and Ireland. (Accessed 28 June 2010, 2010, at (o A) (2010) Management of severe local anaesthetic toxicity. Association of anaesthetists of great Britain and Ireland. (Accessed 28 June 2010, 2010, at
105.
Zurück zum Zitat Mayr VD, Mitterschiffthaler L, Neurauter A et al (2008) A comparison of the combination of epinephrine and vasopressin with lipid emulsion in a porcine model of asphyxial cardiac arrest after intravenous injection of bupivacaine. Anesth Analg 106:1566–1571, table of contentsPubMed Mayr VD, Mitterschiffthaler L, Neurauter A et al (2008) A comparison of the combination of epinephrine and vasopressin with lipid emulsion in a porcine model of asphyxial cardiac arrest after intravenous injection of bupivacaine. Anesth Analg 106:1566–1571, table of contentsPubMed
106.
Zurück zum Zitat Hicks SD, Salcido DD, Logue ES et al (2009) Lipid emulsion combined with epinephrine and vasopressin does not improve survival in a swine model of bupivacaine-induced cardiac arrest. Anesthesiology 111:138–146PubMed Hicks SD, Salcido DD, Logue ES et al (2009) Lipid emulsion combined with epinephrine and vasopressin does not improve survival in a swine model of bupivacaine-induced cardiac arrest. Anesthesiology 111:138–146PubMed
107.
Zurück zum Zitat Hiller DB, Gregorio GD, Ripper R et al (2009) Epinephrine impairs lipid resuscitation from bupivacaine overdose: a threshold effect. Anesthesiology 111:498–505PubMed Hiller DB, Gregorio GD, Ripper R et al (2009) Epinephrine impairs lipid resuscitation from bupivacaine overdose: a threshold effect. Anesthesiology 111:498–505PubMed
108.
Zurück zum Zitat Bailey B (2003) Glucagon in beta-blocker and calcium channel blocker overdoses: a systematic review. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 41:595–602PubMed Bailey B (2003) Glucagon in beta-blocker and calcium channel blocker overdoses: a systematic review. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 41:595–602PubMed
109.
Zurück zum Zitat Fahed S, Grum DF, Papadimos TJ (2008) Labetalol infusion for refractory hypertension causing severe hypotension and bradycardia: an issue of patient safety. Patient Saf Surg 2:13PubMed Fahed S, Grum DF, Papadimos TJ (2008) Labetalol infusion for refractory hypertension causing severe hypotension and bradycardia: an issue of patient safety. Patient Saf Surg 2:13PubMed
110.
Zurück zum Zitat Fernandes CM, Daya MR (1995) Sotalol-induced bradycardia reversed by glucagon. Can Fam Physician 41:659–660, 63–65PubMed Fernandes CM, Daya MR (1995) Sotalol-induced bradycardia reversed by glucagon. Can Fam Physician 41:659–660, 63–65PubMed
111.
Zurück zum Zitat Frishman W, Jacob H, Eisenberg E, Ribner H (1979) Clinical pharmacology of the new beta-adrenergic blocking drugs. Part 8. Self-poisoning with beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents: recognition and management. Am Heart J 98:798–811PubMed Frishman W, Jacob H, Eisenberg E, Ribner H (1979) Clinical pharmacology of the new beta-adrenergic blocking drugs. Part 8. Self-poisoning with beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents: recognition and management. Am Heart J 98:798–811PubMed
112.
Zurück zum Zitat Gabry AL, Pourriat JL, Hoang TD, Lapandry C (1985) Cardiogenic shock caused by metoprolol poisoning. Reversibility with high doses of glucagon and isoproterenol. Presse Med 14:229PubMed Gabry AL, Pourriat JL, Hoang TD, Lapandry C (1985) Cardiogenic shock caused by metoprolol poisoning. Reversibility with high doses of glucagon and isoproterenol. Presse Med 14:229PubMed
113.
Zurück zum Zitat Hazouard E, Ferrandiere M, Lesire V et al (1999) Peduncular hallucinosis related to propranolol self-poisoning: efficacy of intravenous glucagon. Intensive Care Med 25:336–337PubMed Hazouard E, Ferrandiere M, Lesire V et al (1999) Peduncular hallucinosis related to propranolol self-poisoning: efficacy of intravenous glucagon. Intensive Care Med 25:336–337PubMed
114.
Zurück zum Zitat Khan MI, Miller MT (1985) Beta-blocker toxicity – the role of glucagon. Report of 2 cases. S Afr Med J 67:1062–1063PubMed Khan MI, Miller MT (1985) Beta-blocker toxicity – the role of glucagon. Report of 2 cases. S Afr Med J 67:1062–1063PubMed
115.
Zurück zum Zitat Moller BH (1976) Letter: Massive intoxication with metoprolol. Br Med J 1:222PubMed Moller BH (1976) Letter: Massive intoxication with metoprolol. Br Med J 1:222PubMed
116.
Zurück zum Zitat O’Mahony D, O’Leary P, Molloy MG (1990) Severe oxprenolol poisoning: the importance of glucagon infusion. Hum Exp Toxicol 9:101–103 O’Mahony D, O’Leary P, Molloy MG (1990) Severe oxprenolol poisoning: the importance of glucagon infusion. Hum Exp Toxicol 9:101–103
117.
Zurück zum Zitat Wallin CJ, Hulting J (1983) Massive metoprolol poisoning treated with prenalterol. Acta Med Scand 214:253–255PubMed Wallin CJ, Hulting J (1983) Massive metoprolol poisoning treated with prenalterol. Acta Med Scand 214:253–255PubMed
118.
Zurück zum Zitat Weinstein RS, Cole S, Knaster HB, Dahlbert T (1985) Beta blocker overdose with propranolol and with atenolol. Ann Emerg Med 14:161–163PubMed Weinstein RS, Cole S, Knaster HB, Dahlbert T (1985) Beta blocker overdose with propranolol and with atenolol. Ann Emerg Med 14:161–163PubMed
119.
Zurück zum Zitat Alderfliegel F, Leeman M, Demaeyer P, Kahn RJ (1993) Sotalol poisoning associated with asystole. Intensive Care Med 19:57–58PubMed Alderfliegel F, Leeman M, Demaeyer P, Kahn RJ (1993) Sotalol poisoning associated with asystole. Intensive Care Med 19:57–58PubMed
120.
Zurück zum Zitat Kenyon CJ, Aldinger GE, Joshipura P, Zaid GJ (1988) Successful resuscitation using external cardiac pacing in beta adrenergic antagonist-induced bradyasystolic arrest. Ann Emerg Med 17:711–713PubMed Kenyon CJ, Aldinger GE, Joshipura P, Zaid GJ (1988) Successful resuscitation using external cardiac pacing in beta adrenergic antagonist-induced bradyasystolic arrest. Ann Emerg Med 17:711–713PubMed
121.
Zurück zum Zitat Freestone S, Thomas HM, Bhamra RK, Dyson EH (1986) Severe atenolol poisoning: treatment with prenalterol. Hum Toxicol 5:343–345PubMed Freestone S, Thomas HM, Bhamra RK, Dyson EH (1986) Severe atenolol poisoning: treatment with prenalterol. Hum Toxicol 5:343–345PubMed
122.
Zurück zum Zitat Kerns W 2nd, Schroeder D, Williams C et al (1997) Insulin improves survival in a canine model of acute beta-blocker toxicity. Ann Emerg Med 29:748–757PubMed Kerns W 2nd, Schroeder D, Williams C et al (1997) Insulin improves survival in a canine model of acute beta-blocker toxicity. Ann Emerg Med 29:748–757PubMed
123.
Zurück zum Zitat Holger JS, Engebretsen KM, Fritzlar SJ et al (2007) Insulin versus vasopressin and epinephrine to treat beta-blocker toxicity. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 45:396–401 Holger JS, Engebretsen KM, Fritzlar SJ et al (2007) Insulin versus vasopressin and epinephrine to treat beta-blocker toxicity. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 45:396–401
124.
Zurück zum Zitat Page C, Hacket LP, Isbister GK (2009) The use of high-dose insulin-glucose euglycemia in beta-blocker overdose: a case report. J Med Toxicol 5:139–143PubMed Page C, Hacket LP, Isbister GK (2009) The use of high-dose insulin-glucose euglycemia in beta-blocker overdose: a case report. J Med Toxicol 5:139–143PubMed
125.
Zurück zum Zitat Kollef MH (1994) Labetalol overdose successfully treated with amrinone and alphaadrenergic receptor agonists. Chest 105:626–627PubMed Kollef MH (1994) Labetalol overdose successfully treated with amrinone and alphaadrenergic receptor agonists. Chest 105:626–627PubMed
126.
Zurück zum Zitat O’Grady J, Anderson S, Pringle D (2001) Successful treatment of severe atenolol overdose with calcium chloride. CJEM 3:224–227 O’Grady J, Anderson S, Pringle D (2001) Successful treatment of severe atenolol overdose with calcium chloride. CJEM 3:224–227
127.
Zurück zum Zitat Pertoldi F, D’Orlando L, Mercante WP (1998) Electromechanical dissociation 48 hours after atenolol overdose: usefulness of calcium chloride. Ann Emerg Med 31:777–781PubMed Pertoldi F, D’Orlando L, Mercante WP (1998) Electromechanical dissociation 48 hours after atenolol overdose: usefulness of calcium chloride. Ann Emerg Med 31:777–781PubMed
128.
Zurück zum Zitat McVey FK, Corke CF (1991) Extracorporeal circulation in the management of massive propranolol overdose. Anaesthesia 46:744–746PubMed McVey FK, Corke CF (1991) Extracorporeal circulation in the management of massive propranolol overdose. Anaesthesia 46:744–746PubMed
129.
Zurück zum Zitat Lane AS, Woodward AC, Goldman MR (1987) Massive propranolol overdose poorly responsive to pharmacologic therapy: use of the intra-aortic balloon pump. Ann Emerg Med 16:1381–1383PubMed Lane AS, Woodward AC, Goldman MR (1987) Massive propranolol overdose poorly responsive to pharmacologic therapy: use of the intra-aortic balloon pump. Ann Emerg Med 16:1381–1383PubMed
130.
Zurück zum Zitat Rooney M, Massey KL, Jamali F et al (1996) Acebutolol overdose treated with hemodialysis and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Clin Pharmacol 36:760–763PubMed Rooney M, Massey KL, Jamali F et al (1996) Acebutolol overdose treated with hemodialysis and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Clin Pharmacol 36:760–763PubMed
131.
Zurück zum Zitat Brimacombe JR, Scully M, Swainston R (1991) Propranolol overdose – a dramatic response to calcium chloride. Med J Aust 155:267–268PubMed Brimacombe JR, Scully M, Swainston R (1991) Propranolol overdose – a dramatic response to calcium chloride. Med J Aust 155:267–268PubMed
132.
Zurück zum Zitat Olson KR, Erdman AR, Woolf AD et al (2005) Calcium channel blocker ingestion: an evidence-based consensus guideline for out-of-hospital management. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 43:797–822 Olson KR, Erdman AR, Woolf AD et al (2005) Calcium channel blocker ingestion: an evidence-based consensus guideline for out-of-hospital management. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 43:797–822
133.
Zurück zum Zitat Boyer EW, Duic PA, Evans A (2002) Hyperinsulinemia/euglycemia therapy for calcium channel blocker poisoning. Pediatr Emerg Care 18:36–37PubMed Boyer EW, Duic PA, Evans A (2002) Hyperinsulinemia/euglycemia therapy for calcium channel blocker poisoning. Pediatr Emerg Care 18:36–37PubMed
134.
Zurück zum Zitat Cohen V, Jellinek SP, Fancher L et al (2009) Tarka(R) (Trandolapril/Verapamil Hydrochloride Extended-Release) overdose. J Emerg Med Cohen V, Jellinek SP, Fancher L et al (2009) Tarka(R) (Trandolapril/Verapamil Hydrochloride Extended-Release) overdose. J Emerg Med
135.
Zurück zum Zitat Greene SL, Gawarammana I, Wood DM et al (2007) Relative safety of hyperinsulinaemia/euglycaemia therapy in the management of calcium channel blocker overdose: a prospective observational study. Intensive Care Med 33:2019–2024PubMed Greene SL, Gawarammana I, Wood DM et al (2007) Relative safety of hyperinsulinaemia/euglycaemia therapy in the management of calcium channel blocker overdose: a prospective observational study. Intensive Care Med 33:2019–2024PubMed
136.
Zurück zum Zitat Harris NS (2006) Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Case 24–2006. A 40-year-old woman with hypotension after an overdose of amlodipine. N Engl J Med 355:602–611PubMed Harris NS (2006) Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Case 24–2006. A 40-year-old woman with hypotension after an overdose of amlodipine. N Engl J Med 355:602–611PubMed
137.
Zurück zum Zitat Herbert J, O’Malley C, Tracey J et al (2001) Verapamil overdosage unresponsive to dextrose/insulin therapy. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 39:293–294 Herbert J, O’Malley C, Tracey J et al (2001) Verapamil overdosage unresponsive to dextrose/insulin therapy. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 39:293–294
138.
Zurück zum Zitat Johansen KK, Belhage B (2007) A 48-year-old woman’s survival from a massive verapamil overdose. Ugeskr Laeger 169:4074–4075PubMed Johansen KK, Belhage B (2007) A 48-year-old woman’s survival from a massive verapamil overdose. Ugeskr Laeger 169:4074–4075PubMed
139.
Zurück zum Zitat Kanagarajan K, Marraffa JM, Bouchard NC et al (2007) The use of vasopressin in the setting of recalcitrant hypotension due to calcium channel blocker overdose. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 45:56–59 Kanagarajan K, Marraffa JM, Bouchard NC et al (2007) The use of vasopressin in the setting of recalcitrant hypotension due to calcium channel blocker overdose. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 45:56–59
140.
Zurück zum Zitat Marques M, Gomes E, Oliveira J de (2003) Treatment of calcium channel blocker intoxication with insulin infusion: case report and literature review. Resuscitation 57:211–213PubMed Marques M, Gomes E, Oliveira J de (2003) Treatment of calcium channel blocker intoxication with insulin infusion: case report and literature review. Resuscitation 57:211–213PubMed
141.
Zurück zum Zitat Meyer M, Stremski E, Scanlon M (2003) Successful resuscitation of a verapamil intoxicated child with a dextrose-insulin infusion. Clin Intensive Care 14:109–113 Meyer M, Stremski E, Scanlon M (2003) Successful resuscitation of a verapamil intoxicated child with a dextrose-insulin infusion. Clin Intensive Care 14:109–113
142.
Zurück zum Zitat Morris-Kukoski C, Biswas A, Para M (2000) Insulin „euglycemia“ therapy for accidental nifedipine overdose. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 38:557 Morris-Kukoski C, Biswas A, Para M (2000) Insulin „euglycemia“ therapy for accidental nifedipine overdose. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 38:557
143.
Zurück zum Zitat Ortiz-Munoz L, Rodriguez-Ospina LF, Figueroa-Gonzalez M (2005) Hyperinsulinemiceuglycemic therapy for intoxication with calcium channel blockers. Bol Asoc Med P R 97:182–189PubMed Ortiz-Munoz L, Rodriguez-Ospina LF, Figueroa-Gonzalez M (2005) Hyperinsulinemiceuglycemic therapy for intoxication with calcium channel blockers. Bol Asoc Med P R 97:182–189PubMed
144.
Zurück zum Zitat Patel NP, Pugh ME, Goldberg S, Eiger G (2007) Hyperinsulinemic euglycemia therapy for verapamil poisoning: case report. Am J Crit Care 16:520, 18–19PubMed Patel NP, Pugh ME, Goldberg S, Eiger G (2007) Hyperinsulinemic euglycemia therapy for verapamil poisoning: case report. Am J Crit Care 16:520, 18–19PubMed
145.
Zurück zum Zitat Place R, Carlson A, Leikin J, Hanashiro P (2000) Hyperinsulin therapy in the treatment of verapamil overdose. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol:576–577 Place R, Carlson A, Leikin J, Hanashiro P (2000) Hyperinsulin therapy in the treatment of verapamil overdose. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol:576–577
146.
Zurück zum Zitat Rasmussen L, Husted SE, Johnsen SP (2003) Severe intoxication after an intentional overdose of amlodipine. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 47:1038–1040PubMed Rasmussen L, Husted SE, Johnsen SP (2003) Severe intoxication after an intentional overdose of amlodipine. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 47:1038–1040PubMed
147.
Zurück zum Zitat Smith SW, Ferguson KL, Hoffman RS et al (2008) Prolonged severe hypotension following combined amlodipine and valsartan ingestion. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 46:470–474 Smith SW, Ferguson KL, Hoffman RS et al (2008) Prolonged severe hypotension following combined amlodipine and valsartan ingestion. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 46:470–474
148.
Zurück zum Zitat Yuan TH, Kerns WPI, Tomaszewski CA et al (1999) Insulin-glucose as adjunctive therapy for severe calcium channel antagonist poisoning. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 37:463–474PubMed Yuan TH, Kerns WPI, Tomaszewski CA et al (1999) Insulin-glucose as adjunctive therapy for severe calcium channel antagonist poisoning. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 37:463–474PubMed
149.
Zurück zum Zitat Dewitt CR, Waksman JC (2004) Pharmacology, pathophysiology and management of calcium channel blocker and beta-blocker toxicity. Toxicol Rev 23:223–238PubMed Dewitt CR, Waksman JC (2004) Pharmacology, pathophysiology and management of calcium channel blocker and beta-blocker toxicity. Toxicol Rev 23:223–238PubMed
150.
Zurück zum Zitat Eddleston M, Rajapakse S, Rajakanthan et al (2000) Anti-digoxin Fab fragments in cardiotoxicity induced by ingestion of yellow oleander: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 355:967–972PubMed Eddleston M, Rajapakse S, Rajakanthan et al (2000) Anti-digoxin Fab fragments in cardiotoxicity induced by ingestion of yellow oleander: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 355:967–972PubMed
151.
Zurück zum Zitat Smith TW, Butler VP Jr, Haber E et al (1982) Treatment of life-threatening digitalis intoxication with digoxin-specific Fab antibody fragments: experience in 26 cases. N Engl J Med 307:1357–1362PubMed Smith TW, Butler VP Jr, Haber E et al (1982) Treatment of life-threatening digitalis intoxication with digoxin-specific Fab antibody fragments: experience in 26 cases. N Engl J Med 307:1357–1362PubMed
152.
Zurück zum Zitat Wenger TL, Butler VPJ, Haber E, Smith TW (1985) Treatment of 63 severely digitalis-toxic patients with digoxin-specific antibody fragments. J Am Coll Cardiol 5(Suppl):118A–23APubMed Wenger TL, Butler VPJ, Haber E, Smith TW (1985) Treatment of 63 severely digitalis-toxic patients with digoxin-specific antibody fragments. J Am Coll Cardiol 5(Suppl):118A–23APubMed
153.
Zurück zum Zitat Antman EM, Wenger TL, Butler VP Jr et al (1990) Treatment of 150 cases of life-threatening digitalis intoxication with digoxin-specific Fab antibody fragments: final report of a multicenter study. Circulation 81:1744–1752PubMed Antman EM, Wenger TL, Butler VP Jr et al (1990) Treatment of 150 cases of life-threatening digitalis intoxication with digoxin-specific Fab antibody fragments: final report of a multicenter study. Circulation 81:1744–1752PubMed
154.
Zurück zum Zitat Woolf AD, Wenger T, Smith TW, Lovejoy FHJ (1992) The use of digoxin-specific Fab fragments for severe digitalis intoxication in children. N Engl J Med 326:1739–1744PubMed Woolf AD, Wenger T, Smith TW, Lovejoy FHJ (1992) The use of digoxin-specific Fab fragments for severe digitalis intoxication in children. N Engl J Med 326:1739–1744PubMed
155.
Zurück zum Zitat Hickey AR, Wenger TL, Carpenter VP et al (1991) Digoxin Immune Fab therapy in the management of digitalis intoxication: safety and efficacy results of an observational surveillance study. J Am Coll Cardiol 17:590–598PubMed Hickey AR, Wenger TL, Carpenter VP et al (1991) Digoxin Immune Fab therapy in the management of digitalis intoxication: safety and efficacy results of an observational surveillance study. J Am Coll Cardiol 17:590–598PubMed
156.
Zurück zum Zitat Wenger TL (1991) Experience with digoxin immune Fab (ovine) in patients with renal impairment. Am J Emerg Med 9:21–23 discussion 33–34PubMed Wenger TL (1991) Experience with digoxin immune Fab (ovine) in patients with renal impairment. Am J Emerg Med 9:21–23 discussion 33–34PubMed
157.
Zurück zum Zitat Wolf U, Bauer D, Traub WH (1991) Metalloproteases of Serratia liquefaciens: degradation of purified human serum proteins. Zentralbl Bakteriol 276:16–26PubMed Wolf U, Bauer D, Traub WH (1991) Metalloproteases of Serratia liquefaciens: degradation of purified human serum proteins. Zentralbl Bakteriol 276:16–26PubMed
158.
Zurück zum Zitat Taboulet P, Baud FJ, Bismuth C, Vicaut E (1993) Acute digitalis intoxication – is pacing still appropriate? J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 31:261–273PubMed Taboulet P, Baud FJ, Bismuth C, Vicaut E (1993) Acute digitalis intoxication – is pacing still appropriate? J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 31:261–273PubMed
159.
Zurück zum Zitat Lapostolle F, Borron SW, Verdier C et al (2008) Digoxin-specific Fab fragments as single first-line therapy in digitalis poisoning. Crit Care Med 36:3014–3018PubMed Lapostolle F, Borron SW, Verdier C et al (2008) Digoxin-specific Fab fragments as single first-line therapy in digitalis poisoning. Crit Care Med 36:3014–3018PubMed
160.
Zurück zum Zitat Hougen TJ, Lloyd BL, Smith TW (1979) Effects of inotropic and arrhythmogenic digoxin doses and of digoxin-specific antibody on myocardial monovalent cation transport in the dog. Circ Res 44:23–31PubMed Hougen TJ, Lloyd BL, Smith TW (1979) Effects of inotropic and arrhythmogenic digoxin doses and of digoxin-specific antibody on myocardial monovalent cation transport in the dog. Circ Res 44:23–31PubMed
161.
Zurück zum Zitat Clark RF, Selden BS, Curry SC (1991) Digoxin-specific Fab fragments in the treatment of oleander toxicity in a canine model. Ann Emerg Med 20:1073–1077PubMed Clark RF, Selden BS, Curry SC (1991) Digoxin-specific Fab fragments in the treatment of oleander toxicity in a canine model. Ann Emerg Med 20:1073–1077PubMed
162.
Zurück zum Zitat Brubacher JR, Lachmanen D, Ravikumar PR, Hoffman RS (1999) Efficacy of digoxin specific Fab fragments (Digibind) in the treatment of toad venom poisoning. Toxicon 37:931–942PubMed Brubacher JR, Lachmanen D, Ravikumar PR, Hoffman RS (1999) Efficacy of digoxin specific Fab fragments (Digibind) in the treatment of toad venom poisoning. Toxicon 37:931–942PubMed
163.
Zurück zum Zitat Lechat P, Mudgett-Hunter M, Margolies MN et al (1984) Reversal of lethal digoxin toxicity in guinea pigs using monoclonal antibodies and Fab fragments. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 229:210–213PubMed Lechat P, Mudgett-Hunter M, Margolies MN et al (1984) Reversal of lethal digoxin toxicity in guinea pigs using monoclonal antibodies and Fab fragments. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 229:210–213PubMed
164.
Zurück zum Zitat Dasgupta A, Szelei-Stevens KA et al (2004) Neutralization of free digoxin-like immunoreactive components of oriental medicines Dan Shen and Lu-Shen-Wan by the Fab fragment of antidigoxin antibody (Digibind). Am J Clin Pathol 121:276–281PubMed Dasgupta A, Szelei-Stevens KA et al (2004) Neutralization of free digoxin-like immunoreactive components of oriental medicines Dan Shen and Lu-Shen-Wan by the Fab fragment of antidigoxin antibody (Digibind). Am J Clin Pathol 121:276–281PubMed
165.
Zurück zum Zitat Bosse GM, Pope TM et al (1994) Recurrent digoxin overdose and treatment with digoxin-specific Fab antibody fragments. J Emerg Med 12:179–185PubMed Bosse GM, Pope TM et al (1994) Recurrent digoxin overdose and treatment with digoxin-specific Fab antibody fragments. J Emerg Med 12:179–185PubMed
166.
Zurück zum Zitat Borron SW, Baud FJ, Barriot P et al (2007) Prospective study of hydroxocobalamin for acute cyanide poisoning in smoke inhalation. Ann Emerg Med 49:794–801, e1–e2PubMed Borron SW, Baud FJ, Barriot P et al (2007) Prospective study of hydroxocobalamin for acute cyanide poisoning in smoke inhalation. Ann Emerg Med 49:794–801, e1–e2PubMed
167.
Zurück zum Zitat Fortin JL, Giocanti JP, Ruttimann M, Kowalski JJ (2006) Prehospital administration of hydroxocobalamin for smoke inhalation-associated cyanide poisoning: 8 years of experience in the Paris Fire Brigade. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 44(Suppl 1):37–44 Fortin JL, Giocanti JP, Ruttimann M, Kowalski JJ (2006) Prehospital administration of hydroxocobalamin for smoke inhalation-associated cyanide poisoning: 8 years of experience in the Paris Fire Brigade. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 44(Suppl 1):37–44
168.
Zurück zum Zitat Baud FJ, Barriot P, Toffis V et al (1991) Elevated blood cyanide concentrations in victims of smoke inhalation. N Engl J Med 325:1761–1766PubMed Baud FJ, Barriot P, Toffis V et al (1991) Elevated blood cyanide concentrations in victims of smoke inhalation. N Engl J Med 325:1761–1766PubMed
169.
Zurück zum Zitat Borron SW, Baud FJ, Megarbane B, Bismuth C (2007) Hydroxocobalamin for severe acute cyanide poisoning by ingestion or inhalation. Am J Emerg Med 25:551–558PubMed Borron SW, Baud FJ, Megarbane B, Bismuth C (2007) Hydroxocobalamin for severe acute cyanide poisoning by ingestion or inhalation. Am J Emerg Med 25:551–558PubMed
170.
Zurück zum Zitat Espinoza OB, Perez M, Ramirez MS (1992) Bitter cassava poisoning in eight children: a case report. Vet Hum Toxicol 34:65PubMed Espinoza OB, Perez M, Ramirez MS (1992) Bitter cassava poisoning in eight children: a case report. Vet Hum Toxicol 34:65PubMed
171.
Zurück zum Zitat Houeto P, Hoffman JR, Imbert M et al (1995) Relation of blood cyanide to plasma cyanocobalamin concentration after a fixed dose of hydroxocobalamin in cyanide poisoning. Lancet 346:605–608PubMed Houeto P, Hoffman JR, Imbert M et al (1995) Relation of blood cyanide to plasma cyanocobalamin concentration after a fixed dose of hydroxocobalamin in cyanide poisoning. Lancet 346:605–608PubMed
172.
Zurück zum Zitat Pontal P, Bismuth C, Garnier R (1982) Therapeutic attitude in cyanide poisoning: Retrospective study of 24 non-lethal cases. Veterinary and Human Toxicology 24:286–287 Pontal P, Bismuth C, Garnier R (1982) Therapeutic attitude in cyanide poisoning: Retrospective study of 24 non-lethal cases. Veterinary and Human Toxicology 24:286–287
173.
Zurück zum Zitat Kirk MA, Gerace R, Kulig KW (1993) Cyanide and methemoglobin kinetics in smoke inhalation victims treated with the cyanide antidote kit. Ann Emerg Med 22:1413–1418PubMed Kirk MA, Gerace R, Kulig KW (1993) Cyanide and methemoglobin kinetics in smoke inhalation victims treated with the cyanide antidote kit. Ann Emerg Med 22:1413–1418PubMed
174.
Zurück zum Zitat Chen KK, Rose CL (1952) Nitrite and thiosulfate therapy in cyanide poisoning. J Am Med Assoc 149:113–119PubMed Chen KK, Rose CL (1952) Nitrite and thiosulfate therapy in cyanide poisoning. J Am Med Assoc 149:113–119PubMed
175.
Zurück zum Zitat Yen D, Tsai J, Wang LM et al (1995) The clinical experience of acute cyanide poisoning. Am J Emerg Med 13:524–528PubMed Yen D, Tsai J, Wang LM et al (1995) The clinical experience of acute cyanide poisoning. Am J Emerg Med 13:524–528PubMed
176.
Zurück zum Zitat Iqbal S, Clower JH, Boehmer TK et al (2010) Carbon monoxide-related hospitalizations in the U.S.: evaluation of a web-based query system for public health surveillance. Public Health Rep 125:423–432PubMed Iqbal S, Clower JH, Boehmer TK et al (2010) Carbon monoxide-related hospitalizations in the U.S.: evaluation of a web-based query system for public health surveillance. Public Health Rep 125:423–432PubMed
177.
Zurück zum Zitat Hampson NB, Zmaeff JL (2001) Outcome of patients experiencing cardiac arrest with carbon monoxide poisoning treated with hyperbaric oxygen. Ann Emerg Med 38:36–41PubMed Hampson NB, Zmaeff JL (2001) Outcome of patients experiencing cardiac arrest with carbon monoxide poisoning treated with hyperbaric oxygen. Ann Emerg Med 38:36–41PubMed
178.
Zurück zum Zitat Sloan EP, Murphy DG, Hart R et al (1989) Complications and protocol considerations in carbon monoxide-poisoned patients who require hyperbaric oxygen therapy: report from a ten-year experience. Ann Emerg Med 18:629–634PubMed Sloan EP, Murphy DG, Hart R et al (1989) Complications and protocol considerations in carbon monoxide-poisoned patients who require hyperbaric oxygen therapy: report from a ten-year experience. Ann Emerg Med 18:629–634PubMed
179.
Zurück zum Zitat Chou KJ, Fisher JL, Silver EJ (2000) Characteristics and outcome of children with carbon monoxide poisoning with and without smoke exposure referred for hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Pediatr Emerg Care 16:151–155PubMed Chou KJ, Fisher JL, Silver EJ (2000) Characteristics and outcome of children with carbon monoxide poisoning with and without smoke exposure referred for hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Pediatr Emerg Care 16:151–155PubMed
180.
Zurück zum Zitat Weaver LK, Hopkins RO, Chan KJ et al (2002) Hyperbaric oxygen for acute carbon monoxide poisoning. N Engl J Med 347:1057–1067PubMed Weaver LK, Hopkins RO, Chan KJ et al (2002) Hyperbaric oxygen for acute carbon monoxide poisoning. N Engl J Med 347:1057–1067PubMed
181.
Zurück zum Zitat Thom SR, Taber RL, Mendiguren II et al (1995) Delayed neuropsychologic sequelae after carbon monoxide poisoning: prevention by treatment with hyperbaric oxygen. Ann Emerg Med 25:474–480PubMed Thom SR, Taber RL, Mendiguren II et al (1995) Delayed neuropsychologic sequelae after carbon monoxide poisoning: prevention by treatment with hyperbaric oxygen. Ann Emerg Med 25:474–480PubMed
182.
Zurück zum Zitat Scheinkestel CD, Bailey M, Myles PS et al (1999) Hyperbaric or normobaric oxygen for acute carbon monoxide poisoning: a randomised controlled clinical trial. Med J Aust 170:203–210PubMed Scheinkestel CD, Bailey M, Myles PS et al (1999) Hyperbaric or normobaric oxygen for acute carbon monoxide poisoning: a randomised controlled clinical trial. Med J Aust 170:203–210PubMed
183.
Zurück zum Zitat Raphael JC, Elkharrat D, Jars-Guincestre MC et al (1989) Trial of normobaric and hyperbaric oxygen for acute carbon monoxide intoxication. Lancet 2:414–419PubMed Raphael JC, Elkharrat D, Jars-Guincestre MC et al (1989) Trial of normobaric and hyperbaric oxygen for acute carbon monoxide intoxication. Lancet 2:414–419PubMed
184.
Zurück zum Zitat Juurlink DN, Buckley NA, Stanbrook MB et al (2005) Hyperbaric oxygen for carbon monoxide poisoning. Cochrane Database Syst Rev:CD002041 Juurlink DN, Buckley NA, Stanbrook MB et al (2005) Hyperbaric oxygen for carbon monoxide poisoning. Cochrane Database Syst Rev:CD002041
185.
Zurück zum Zitat Buckley NA, Isbister GK, Stokes B, Juurlink DN (2005) Hyperbaric oxygen for carbon monoxide poisoning: a systematic review and critical analysis of the evidence. Toxicol Rev 24:75–92PubMed Buckley NA, Isbister GK, Stokes B, Juurlink DN (2005) Hyperbaric oxygen for carbon monoxide poisoning: a systematic review and critical analysis of the evidence. Toxicol Rev 24:75–92PubMed
186.
Zurück zum Zitat Satran D, Henry CR, Adkinson C et al (2005) Cardiovascular manifestations of moderate to severe carbon monoxide poisoning. J Am Coll Cardiol 45:1513–1516PubMed Satran D, Henry CR, Adkinson C et al (2005) Cardiovascular manifestations of moderate to severe carbon monoxide poisoning. J Am Coll Cardiol 45:1513–1516PubMed
187.
Zurück zum Zitat Henry CR, Satran D, Lindgren B et al (2006) Myocardial injury and long-term mortality following moderate to severe carbon monoxide poisoning. JAMA 295:398–402PubMed Henry CR, Satran D, Lindgren B et al (2006) Myocardial injury and long-term mortality following moderate to severe carbon monoxide poisoning. JAMA 295:398–402PubMed
188.
Zurück zum Zitat Warner DS, Bierens JJ, Beerman SB, Katz LM (2009) Drowning: a cry for help. Anesthesiology 110:1211–1213PubMed Warner DS, Bierens JJ, Beerman SB, Katz LM (2009) Drowning: a cry for help. Anesthesiology 110:1211–1213PubMed
189.
Zurück zum Zitat Peden MM, McGee K (2003) The epidemiology of drowning worldwide. Inj Control Saf Promot 10:195–199PubMed Peden MM, McGee K (2003) The epidemiology of drowning worldwide. Inj Control Saf Promot 10:195–199PubMed
190.
Zurück zum Zitat National Water Safety Statistics. 2006. (Accessed 28/06/10, 2010, at National Water Safety Statistics. 2006. (Accessed 28/06/10, 2010, at
191.
Zurück zum Zitat Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS) (Online). National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (producer). Available from: URL: http://wwwcdcgov/ncipc/wisqars (February 3, 2005) 2005 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS) (Online). National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (producer). Available from: URL: http://​wwwcdcgov/​ncipc/​wisqars (February 3, 2005) 2005
192.
Zurück zum Zitat Hu G, Baker SP (2009) Trends in unintentional injury deaths, U.S., 1999–2005: age, gender, and racial/ethnic differences. Am J Prev Med 37:188–194PubMed Hu G, Baker SP (2009) Trends in unintentional injury deaths, U.S., 1999–2005: age, gender, and racial/ethnic differences. Am J Prev Med 37:188–194PubMed
193.
Zurück zum Zitat Driscoll TR, Harrison JA, Steenkamp M (2004) Review of the role of alcohol in drowning associated with recreational aquatic activity. Inj Prev 10:107–113PubMed Driscoll TR, Harrison JA, Steenkamp M (2004) Review of the role of alcohol in drowning associated with recreational aquatic activity. Inj Prev 10:107–113PubMed
194.
Zurück zum Zitat Papa L, Hoelle R, Idris A (2005) Systematic review of definitions for drowning incidents. Resuscitation 65:255–264PubMed Papa L, Hoelle R, Idris A (2005) Systematic review of definitions for drowning incidents. Resuscitation 65:255–264PubMed
195.
Zurück zum Zitat Idris AH, Berg RA, Bierens J et al (2003) Recommended guidelines for uniform reporting of data from drowning: The „Utstein style“. Resuscitation 59:45–57PubMed Idris AH, Berg RA, Bierens J et al (2003) Recommended guidelines for uniform reporting of data from drowning: The „Utstein style“. Resuscitation 59:45–57PubMed
196.
Zurück zum Zitat Layon AJ, Modell JH (2009) Drowning: Update 2009. Anesthesiology 110:1390–1401PubMed Layon AJ, Modell JH (2009) Drowning: Update 2009. Anesthesiology 110:1390–1401PubMed
197.
Zurück zum Zitat Eaton D (1995) Lifesaving, 6. Aufl. Royal Life Saving Society, London UK Eaton D (1995) Lifesaving, 6. Aufl. Royal Life Saving Society, London UK
198.
Zurück zum Zitat Watson RS, Cummings P, Quan L et al (2001) Cervical spine injuries among submersion victims. J Trauma 51:658–662PubMed Watson RS, Cummings P, Quan L et al (2001) Cervical spine injuries among submersion victims. J Trauma 51:658–662PubMed
199.
Zurück zum Zitat Dodd FM, Simon E, McKeown D, Patrick MR (1995) The effect of a cervical collar on the tidal volume of anaesthetised adult patients. Anaesthesia 50:961–963PubMed Dodd FM, Simon E, McKeown D, Patrick MR (1995) The effect of a cervical collar on the tidal volume of anaesthetised adult patients. Anaesthesia 50:961–963PubMed
200.
Zurück zum Zitat (o A) (2005) Proceedings of the 2005 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations. Resuscitation 67:157–341 (o A) (2005) Proceedings of the 2005 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations. Resuscitation 67:157–341
201.
Zurück zum Zitat Venema AM, Groothoff JW, Bierens JJ (2010) The role of bystanders during rescue and resuscitation of drowning victims. Resuscitation 81:434–439PubMed Venema AM, Groothoff JW, Bierens JJ (2010) The role of bystanders during rescue and resuscitation of drowning victims. Resuscitation 81:434–439PubMed
202.
Zurück zum Zitat Youn CS, Choi SP, Yim HW, Park KN (2009) Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to drowning: An Utstein Style report of 10 years of experience from St. Mary’s Hospital. Resuscitation 80:778–783PubMed Youn CS, Choi SP, Yim HW, Park KN (2009) Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to drowning: An Utstein Style report of 10 years of experience from St. Mary’s Hospital. Resuscitation 80:778–783PubMed
203.
Zurück zum Zitat Goh SH, Low BY (1999) Drowning and near-drowning – some lessons learnt. Ann Acad Med Singapore 28:183–188PubMed Goh SH, Low BY (1999) Drowning and near-drowning – some lessons learnt. Ann Acad Med Singapore 28:183–188PubMed
204.
Zurück zum Zitat Quan L, Wentz KR, Gore EJ, Copass MK (1990) Outcome and predictors of outcome in pediatric submersion victims receiving prehospital care in King County, Washington. Pediatrics 86:586–593PubMed Quan L, Wentz KR, Gore EJ, Copass MK (1990) Outcome and predictors of outcome in pediatric submersion victims receiving prehospital care in King County, Washington. Pediatrics 86:586–593PubMed
205.
Zurück zum Zitat O’Driscoll BR, Howard LS, Davison AG (2008) BTS guideline for emergency oxygen use in adult patients. Thorax 63(Suppl 6):vi1–68 O’Driscoll BR, Howard LS, Davison AG (2008) BTS guideline for emergency oxygen use in adult patients. Thorax 63(Suppl 6):vi1–68
206.
Zurück zum Zitat Perkins GD (2005) In-water resuscitation: a pilot evaluation. Resuscitation 65:321–324PubMed Perkins GD (2005) In-water resuscitation: a pilot evaluation. Resuscitation 65:321–324PubMed
207.
Zurück zum Zitat Szpilman D, Soares M (2004) In-water resuscitation – is it worthwhile? Resuscitation 63:25–31PubMed Szpilman D, Soares M (2004) In-water resuscitation – is it worthwhile? Resuscitation 63:25–31PubMed
208.
Zurück zum Zitat March NF, Matthews RC (1980) New techniques in external cardiac compressions. Aquatic cardiopulmonary resuscitation. JAMA 244:1229–1232PubMed March NF, Matthews RC (1980) New techniques in external cardiac compressions. Aquatic cardiopulmonary resuscitation. JAMA 244:1229–1232PubMed
209.
Zurück zum Zitat March NF, Matthews RC (1980) Feasibility study of CPR in the water. Undersea Biomed Res 7:141–148PubMed March NF, Matthews RC (1980) Feasibility study of CPR in the water. Undersea Biomed Res 7:141–148PubMed
210.
Zurück zum Zitat Manolios N, Mackie I (1988) Drowning and near-drowning on Australian beaches patrolled by life-savers: a 10-year study, 1973–1983. Med J Aust 148:165–167, 70–71PubMed Manolios N, Mackie I (1988) Drowning and near-drowning on Australian beaches patrolled by life-savers: a 10-year study, 1973–1983. Med J Aust 148:165–167, 70–71PubMed
211.
Zurück zum Zitat Rosen P, Stoto M, Harley J (1995) The use of the Heimlich maneuver in near-drowning: Institute of Medicine report. J Emerg Med 13:397–405PubMed Rosen P, Stoto M, Harley J (1995) The use of the Heimlich maneuver in near-drowning: Institute of Medicine report. J Emerg Med 13:397–405PubMed
212.
Zurück zum Zitat Modell JH, Calderwood HW, Ruiz BC et al (1974) Effects of ventilatory patterns on arterial oxygenation after near-drowning in sea water. Anesthesiology 40:376–384PubMed Modell JH, Calderwood HW, Ruiz BC et al (1974) Effects of ventilatory patterns on arterial oxygenation after near-drowning in sea water. Anesthesiology 40:376–384PubMed
213.
Zurück zum Zitat Golden FS, Tipton MJ, Scott RC (1997) Immersion, near-drowning and drowning. Br J Anaesth 79:214–225PubMed Golden FS, Tipton MJ, Scott RC (1997) Immersion, near-drowning and drowning. Br J Anaesth 79:214–225PubMed
214.
Zurück zum Zitat Moran I, Zavala E, Fernandez R et al (2003) Recruitment manoeuvres in acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome. Eur Respir J Suppl 42:37s–42 sPubMed Moran I, Zavala E, Fernandez R et al (2003) Recruitment manoeuvres in acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome. Eur Respir J Suppl 42:37s–42 sPubMed
215.
Zurück zum Zitat Koster RW, Sayre MR, Botha M et al (2010) International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations. Part 5: Adult Basic Life Support. Resuscitation In Press Koster RW, Sayre MR, Botha M et al (2010) International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations. Part 5: Adult Basic Life Support. Resuscitation In Press
216.
Zurück zum Zitat Wyatt JP, Tomlinson GS, Busuttil A (1999) Resuscitation of drowning victims in south-east Scotland. Resuscitation 41:101–104PubMed Wyatt JP, Tomlinson GS, Busuttil A (1999) Resuscitation of drowning victims in south-east Scotland. Resuscitation 41:101–104PubMed
217.
Zurück zum Zitat Schmidt U, Fritz KW, Kasperczyk W, Tscherne H (1995) Successful resuscitation of a child with severe hypothermia after cardiac arrest of 88 minutes. Prehospital Disaster Med 10:60–62PubMed Schmidt U, Fritz KW, Kasperczyk W, Tscherne H (1995) Successful resuscitation of a child with severe hypothermia after cardiac arrest of 88 minutes. Prehospital Disaster Med 10:60–62PubMed
218.
Zurück zum Zitat Bolte RG, Black PG, Bowers RS et al (1988) The use of extracorporeal rewarming in a child submerged for 66 minutes. JAMA 260:377–379PubMed Bolte RG, Black PG, Bowers RS et al (1988) The use of extracorporeal rewarming in a child submerged for 66 minutes. JAMA 260:377–379PubMed
219.
Zurück zum Zitat Gregorakos L, Markou N, Psalida V et al (2009) Near-drowning: clinical course of lung injury in adults. Lung 187:93–97PubMed Gregorakos L, Markou N, Psalida V et al (2009) Near-drowning: clinical course of lung injury in adults. Lung 187:93–97PubMed
220.
Zurück zum Zitat (o A) (2000) The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network. Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 342:1301–1308 (o A) (2000) The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network. Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 342:1301–1308
221.
Zurück zum Zitat Eich C, Brauer A, Timmermann A et al (2007) Outcome of 12 drowned children with attempted resuscitation on cardiopulmonary bypass: an analysis of variables based on the „Utstein Style for Drowning“. Resuscitation 75:42–52PubMed Eich C, Brauer A, Timmermann A et al (2007) Outcome of 12 drowned children with attempted resuscitation on cardiopulmonary bypass: an analysis of variables based on the „Utstein Style for Drowning“. Resuscitation 75:42–52PubMed
222.
Zurück zum Zitat Guenther U, Varelmann D, Putensen C, Wrigge H (2009) Extended therapeutic hypothermia for several days during extracorporeal membrane-oxygenation after drowning and cardiac arrest Two cases of survival with no neurological sequelae. Resuscitation 80:379–381PubMed Guenther U, Varelmann D, Putensen C, Wrigge H (2009) Extended therapeutic hypothermia for several days during extracorporeal membrane-oxygenation after drowning and cardiac arrest Two cases of survival with no neurological sequelae. Resuscitation 80:379–381PubMed
223.
Zurück zum Zitat Wood C (2010) Towards evidence based emergency medicine: best BETs from the Manchester Royal Infirmary. BET 1: prophylactic antibiotics in near-drowning. Emerg Med J 27:393–394PubMed Wood C (2010) Towards evidence based emergency medicine: best BETs from the Manchester Royal Infirmary. BET 1: prophylactic antibiotics in near-drowning. Emerg Med J 27:393–394PubMed
224.
Zurück zum Zitat Van Berkel M, Bierens JJLM, Lie RLK et al (1996) Pulmonary oedema, pneumonia and mortality in submersion victims a retrospective study in 125 patients. Intensive Care Med 22:101–107 Van Berkel M, Bierens JJLM, Lie RLK et al (1996) Pulmonary oedema, pneumonia and mortality in submersion victims a retrospective study in 125 patients. Intensive Care Med 22:101–107
225.
Zurück zum Zitat Nolan JP, Morley PT, Vanden Hoek TL, Hickey RW (2003) Therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest. An advisory statement by the Advancement Life support Task Force of the International Liaison committee on Resuscitation. Resuscitation 57:231–235PubMed Nolan JP, Morley PT, Vanden Hoek TL, Hickey RW (2003) Therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest. An advisory statement by the Advancement Life support Task Force of the International Liaison committee on Resuscitation. Resuscitation 57:231–235PubMed
226.
Zurück zum Zitat Nolan JP, Neumar RW, Adrie C et al (2008) Post-cardiac arrest syndrome: epidemiology, pathophysiology, treatment, and prognostication. A Scientific Statement from the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation the American Heart Association Emergency Cardiovascular Care Committee the Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia the Council on Cardiopulmonary, Perioperative, and Critical Care the Council on Clinical Cardiology the Council on Stroke. Resuscitation 79:350–379PubMed Nolan JP, Neumar RW, Adrie C et al (2008) Post-cardiac arrest syndrome: epidemiology, pathophysiology, treatment, and prognostication. A Scientific Statement from the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation the American Heart Association Emergency Cardiovascular Care Committee the Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia the Council on Cardiopulmonary, Perioperative, and Critical Care the Council on Clinical Cardiology the Council on Stroke. Resuscitation 79:350–379PubMed
227.
Zurück zum Zitat Tester DJ, Kopplin LJ, Creighton W et al (2005) Pathogenesis of unexplained drowning: new insights from a molecular autopsy. Mayo Clin Proc 80:596–600PubMed Tester DJ, Kopplin LJ, Creighton W et al (2005) Pathogenesis of unexplained drowning: new insights from a molecular autopsy. Mayo Clin Proc 80:596–600PubMed
228.
Zurück zum Zitat Soar J, Mancini ME, Bhanji F et al (2010)International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations. Part 12: Education, Implementation, and Teams. Resuscitation In Press Soar J, Mancini ME, Bhanji F et al (2010)International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations. Part 12: Education, Implementation, and Teams. Resuscitation In Press
229.
Zurück zum Zitat Choi G, Kopplin LJ, Tester DJ et al (2004) Spectrum and frequency of cardiac channel defects in swimming-triggered arrhythmia syndromes. Circulation 110:2119–2124PubMed Choi G, Kopplin LJ, Tester DJ et al (2004) Spectrum and frequency of cardiac channel defects in swimming-triggered arrhythmia syndromes. Circulation 110:2119–2124PubMed
230.
Zurück zum Zitat Danzl D (2007) Accidental hypothermia. In: Auerbach P (Hrsg) Wilderness medicine. Mosby, St. Louis, S 125–160 Danzl D (2007) Accidental hypothermia. In: Auerbach P (Hrsg) Wilderness medicine. Mosby, St. Louis, S 125–160
231.
Zurück zum Zitat Durrer B, Brugger H, Syme D (2003) The medical on-site treatment of hypothermia ICARMEDCOM recommendation. High Alt Med Biol 4:99–103PubMed Durrer B, Brugger H, Syme D (2003) The medical on-site treatment of hypothermia ICARMEDCOM recommendation. High Alt Med Biol 4:99–103PubMed
232.
Zurück zum Zitat Walpoth BH, Galdikas J, Leupi F et al (1994) Assessment of hypothermia with a new „tympanic“ thermometer. J Clin Monit 10:91–96PubMed Walpoth BH, Galdikas J, Leupi F et al (1994) Assessment of hypothermia with a new „tympanic“ thermometer. J Clin Monit 10:91–96PubMed
233.
Zurück zum Zitat Brugger H, Oberhammer R, Adler-Kastner L, Beikircher W (2009) The rate of cooling during avalanche burial a „Core“ issue. Resuscitation 80:956–958 Brugger H, Oberhammer R, Adler-Kastner L, Beikircher W (2009) The rate of cooling during avalanche burial a „Core“ issue. Resuscitation 80:956–958
234.
Zurück zum Zitat Lefrant JY, Muller L, La Coussaye JE de et al (2003) Temperature measurement in intensive care patients: comparison of urinary bladder, oesophageal, rectal, axillary, and inguinal methods versus pulmonary artery core method. Intensive Care Med 29:414–418PubMed Lefrant JY, Muller L, La Coussaye JE de et al (2003) Temperature measurement in intensive care patients: comparison of urinary bladder, oesophageal, rectal, axillary, and inguinal methods versus pulmonary artery core method. Intensive Care Med 29:414–418PubMed
235.
Zurück zum Zitat Robinson J, Charlton J, Seal R et al (1998) Oesophageal, rectal, axillary, tympanic and pulmonary artery temperatures during cardiac surgery. Can J Anaesth 45:317–323PubMed Robinson J, Charlton J, Seal R et al (1998) Oesophageal, rectal, axillary, tympanic and pulmonary artery temperatures during cardiac surgery. Can J Anaesth 45:317–323PubMed
236.
Zurück zum Zitat Wood S (1991) Interactions between hypoxia and hypothermia. Annu Rev Physiol 53:71–85PubMed Wood S (1991) Interactions between hypoxia and hypothermia. Annu Rev Physiol 53:71–85PubMed
237.
Zurück zum Zitat Schneider SM (1992) Hypothermia: from recognition to rewarming. Emerg Med Rep 13:1–20 Schneider SM (1992) Hypothermia: from recognition to rewarming. Emerg Med Rep 13:1–20
238.
Zurück zum Zitat Gilbert M, Busund R, Skagseth A et al (2000) Resuscitation from accidental hypothermia of 13.7ºC with circulatory arrest. Lancet 355:375–376PubMed Gilbert M, Busund R, Skagseth A et al (2000) Resuscitation from accidental hypothermia of 13.7ºC with circulatory arrest. Lancet 355:375–376PubMed
239.
Zurück zum Zitat Lexow K (1991) Severe accidental hypothermia: survival after 6 hours 30 minutes of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Arctic Med Res 50(Suppl 6):112–114PubMed Lexow K (1991) Severe accidental hypothermia: survival after 6 hours 30 minutes of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Arctic Med Res 50(Suppl 6):112–114PubMed
240.
Zurück zum Zitat Danzl DF, Pozos RS, Auerbach PS et al (1987) Multicenter hypothermia survey. Ann Emerg Med 16:1042–1055PubMed Danzl DF, Pozos RS, Auerbach PS et al (1987) Multicenter hypothermia survey. Ann Emerg Med 16:1042–1055PubMed
241.
Zurück zum Zitat Paal P, Beikircher W, Brugger H (2006) Avalanche emergencies. Review of the current situation. Anaesthesist 55:314–324PubMed Paal P, Beikircher W, Brugger H (2006) Avalanche emergencies. Review of the current situation. Anaesthesist 55:314–324PubMed
242.
Zurück zum Zitat Krismer AC, Lindner KH, Kornberger R et al (2000) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation during severe hypothermia in pigs: does epinephrine or vasopressin increase coronary perfusion pressure? Anesth Analg 90:69–73PubMed Krismer AC, Lindner KH, Kornberger R et al (2000) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation during severe hypothermia in pigs: does epinephrine or vasopressin increase coronary perfusion pressure? Anesth Analg 90:69–73PubMed
243.
Zurück zum Zitat Kornberger E, Lindner KH, Mayr VD et al (2001) Effects of epinephrine in a pig model of hypothermic cardiac arrest and closed-chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation combined with active rewarming. Resuscitation 50:301–308PubMed Kornberger E, Lindner KH, Mayr VD et al (2001) Effects of epinephrine in a pig model of hypothermic cardiac arrest and closed-chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation combined with active rewarming. Resuscitation 50:301–308PubMed
244.
Zurück zum Zitat Stoner J, Martin G, O’Mara K et al (2003) Amiodarone and bretylium in the treatment of hypothermic ventricular fibrillation in a canine model. Acad Emerg Med 10:187–191PubMed Stoner J, Martin G, O’Mara K et al (2003) Amiodarone and bretylium in the treatment of hypothermic ventricular fibrillation in a canine model. Acad Emerg Med 10:187–191PubMed
245.
Zurück zum Zitat Mattu A, Brady WJ, Perron AD (2002) Electrocardiographic manifestations of hypothermia. Am J Emerg Med 20:314–326PubMed Mattu A, Brady WJ, Perron AD (2002) Electrocardiographic manifestations of hypothermia. Am J Emerg Med 20:314–326PubMed
246.
Zurück zum Zitat Ujhelyi MR, Sims JJ, Dubin SA et al (2001) Defibrillation energy requirements and electrical heterogeneity during total body hypothermia. Crit Care Med 29:1006–1011PubMed Ujhelyi MR, Sims JJ, Dubin SA et al (2001) Defibrillation energy requirements and electrical heterogeneity during total body hypothermia. Crit Care Med 29:1006–1011PubMed
247.
Zurück zum Zitat Kornberger E, Schwarz B, Lindner KH, Mair P (1999) Forced air surface rewarming in patients with severe accidental hypothermia. Resuscitation 41:105–111PubMed Kornberger E, Schwarz B, Lindner KH, Mair P (1999) Forced air surface rewarming in patients with severe accidental hypothermia. Resuscitation 41:105–111PubMed
248.
Zurück zum Zitat Roggla M, Frossard M, Wagner A et al (2002) Severe accidental hypothermia with or without hemodynamic instability: rewarming without the use of extracorporeal circulation. Wien Klin Wochenschr 114:315–320PubMed Roggla M, Frossard M, Wagner A et al (2002) Severe accidental hypothermia with or without hemodynamic instability: rewarming without the use of extracorporeal circulation. Wien Klin Wochenschr 114:315–320PubMed
249.
Zurück zum Zitat Weinberg AD, Hamlet MP, Paturas JL et al (1990) Cold weather emergencies: principles of patient management. American Medical Publishing Co., Branford, CN Weinberg AD, Hamlet MP, Paturas JL et al (1990) Cold weather emergencies: principles of patient management. American Medical Publishing Co., Branford, CN
250.
Zurück zum Zitat Reuler JB (1978) Hypothermia: pathophysiology, clinical settings, and management. Ann Intern Med 89:519–527PubMed Reuler JB (1978) Hypothermia: pathophysiology, clinical settings, and management. Ann Intern Med 89:519–527PubMed
251.
Zurück zum Zitat Zell SC, Kurtz KJ (1985) Severe exposure hypothermia: a resuscitation protocol. Ann Emerg Med 14:339–345PubMed Zell SC, Kurtz KJ (1985) Severe exposure hypothermia: a resuscitation protocol. Ann Emerg Med 14:339–345PubMed
252.
Zurück zum Zitat Althaus U, Aeberhard P, Schupbach P et al (1982) Management of profound accidental hypothermia with cardiorespiratory arrest. Ann Surg 195:492–495PubMed Althaus U, Aeberhard P, Schupbach P et al (1982) Management of profound accidental hypothermia with cardiorespiratory arrest. Ann Surg 195:492–495PubMed
253.
Zurück zum Zitat Walpoth BH, Walpoth-Aslan BN, Mattle HP et al (1997) Outcome of survivors of accidental deep hypothermia and circulatory arrest treated with extracorporeal blood warming. N Engl J Med 337:1500–1505PubMed Walpoth BH, Walpoth-Aslan BN, Mattle HP et al (1997) Outcome of survivors of accidental deep hypothermia and circulatory arrest treated with extracorporeal blood warming. N Engl J Med 337:1500–1505PubMed
254.
Zurück zum Zitat Silfvast T, Pettila V (2003) Outcome from severe accidental hypothermia in Southern Finland – a 10-year review. Resuscitation 59:285–290PubMed Silfvast T, Pettila V (2003) Outcome from severe accidental hypothermia in Southern Finland – a 10-year review. Resuscitation 59:285–290PubMed
255.
Zurück zum Zitat Ruttmann E, Weissenbacher A, Ulmer H et al (2007) Prolonged extracorporeal membrane oxygenation-assisted support provides improved survival in hypothermic patients with cardiocirculatory arrest. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 134:594–600PubMed Ruttmann E, Weissenbacher A, Ulmer H et al (2007) Prolonged extracorporeal membrane oxygenation-assisted support provides improved survival in hypothermic patients with cardiocirculatory arrest. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 134:594–600PubMed
256.
Zurück zum Zitat Boyd J, Brugger H, Shuster M (2010) Prognostic factors in avalanche resuscitation: a systematic review. Resuscitation 81:645–652PubMed Boyd J, Brugger H, Shuster M (2010) Prognostic factors in avalanche resuscitation: a systematic review. Resuscitation 81:645–652PubMed
257.
Zurück zum Zitat Bouchama A, Knochel JP (2002) Heat stroke. N Engl J Med 346:1978–1988PubMed Bouchama A, Knochel JP (2002) Heat stroke. N Engl J Med 346:1978–1988PubMed
258.
Zurück zum Zitat Wappler F (2001) Malignant hyperthermia. Eur J Anaesthesiol 18:632–652PubMed Wappler F (2001) Malignant hyperthermia. Eur J Anaesthesiol 18:632–652PubMed
259.
Zurück zum Zitat Ali SZ, Taguchi A, Rosenberg H (2003) Malignant hyperthermia. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 17:519–533PubMed Ali SZ, Taguchi A, Rosenberg H (2003) Malignant hyperthermia. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 17:519–533PubMed
260.
Zurück zum Zitat Bouchama A (2004) The 2003 European heat wave. Intensive Care Med 30:1–3PubMed Bouchama A (2004) The 2003 European heat wave. Intensive Care Med 30:1–3PubMed
261.
Zurück zum Zitat Empana JP, Sauval P, Ducimetiere P et al (2009) Increase in outof-hospital cardiac arrest attended by the medical mobile intensive care units, but not myocardial infarction, during the 2003 heat wave in Paris, France. Crit Care Med 37:3079–3084PubMed Empana JP, Sauval P, Ducimetiere P et al (2009) Increase in outof-hospital cardiac arrest attended by the medical mobile intensive care units, but not myocardial infarction, during the 2003 heat wave in Paris, France. Crit Care Med 37:3079–3084PubMed
262.
Zurück zum Zitat Coris EE, Ramirez AM, Van Durme DJ (2004) Heat illness in athletes: the dangerous combination of heat, humidity and exercise. Sports Med 34:9–16PubMed Coris EE, Ramirez AM, Van Durme DJ (2004) Heat illness in athletes: the dangerous combination of heat, humidity and exercise. Sports Med 34:9–16PubMed
263.
Zurück zum Zitat Grogan H, Hopkins PM (2002) Heat stroke: implications for critical care and anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 88:700–707PubMed Grogan H, Hopkins PM (2002) Heat stroke: implications for critical care and anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 88:700–707PubMed
264.
Zurück zum Zitat Bouchama A, De Vol EB (2001) Acid-base alterations in heatstroke. Intensive Care Med 27:680–685PubMed Bouchama A, De Vol EB (2001) Acid-base alterations in heatstroke. Intensive Care Med 27:680–685PubMed
265.
Zurück zum Zitat Pease S, Bouadma L, Kermarrec N et al (2009) Early organ dysfunction course, cooling time and outcome in classic heatstroke. Intensive Care Med 35:1454–1458PubMed Pease S, Bouadma L, Kermarrec N et al (2009) Early organ dysfunction course, cooling time and outcome in classic heatstroke. Intensive Care Med 35:1454–1458PubMed
266.
Zurück zum Zitat Akhtar M, Jazayeri MR, Sra J et al (1993) Atrioventricular nodal reentry: clinical, electrophysiological, and therapeutic considerations. Circulation 88:282–295PubMed Akhtar M, Jazayeri MR, Sra J et al (1993) Atrioventricular nodal reentry: clinical, electrophysiological, and therapeutic considerations. Circulation 88:282–295PubMed
267.
Zurück zum Zitat el-Kassimi FA, Al-Mashhadani S, Abdullah AK, Akhtar J (1986) Adult respiratory distress syndrome and disseminated intravascular coagulation complicating heat stroke. Chest 90:571–574PubMed el-Kassimi FA, Al-Mashhadani S, Abdullah AK, Akhtar J (1986) Adult respiratory distress syndrome and disseminated intravascular coagulation complicating heat stroke. Chest 90:571–574PubMed
268.
Zurück zum Zitat Waruiru C, Appleton R (2004) Febrile seizures: an update. Arch Dis Child 89:751–756PubMed Waruiru C, Appleton R (2004) Febrile seizures: an update. Arch Dis Child 89:751–756PubMed
269.
Zurück zum Zitat Berger J, Hart J, Millis M, Baker AL (2000) Fulminant hepatic failure from heat stroke requiring liver transplantation. J Clin Gastroenterol 30:429–431PubMed Berger J, Hart J, Millis M, Baker AL (2000) Fulminant hepatic failure from heat stroke requiring liver transplantation. J Clin Gastroenterol 30:429–431PubMed
270.
Zurück zum Zitat Huerta-Alardin AL, Varon J, Marik PE (2005) Bench-to-bedside review: Rhabdomyolysis – an overview for clinicians. Crit Care 9:158–169PubMed Huerta-Alardin AL, Varon J, Marik PE (2005) Bench-to-bedside review: Rhabdomyolysis – an overview for clinicians. Crit Care 9:158–169PubMed
271.
Zurück zum Zitat Wolff ED, Driessen OMJ (1977) Theophylline intoxication in a child. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 121:896–901PubMed Wolff ED, Driessen OMJ (1977) Theophylline intoxication in a child. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 121:896–901PubMed
272.
Zurück zum Zitat Sidor K, Mikolajczyk W, Horwath-Stolarczyk A (2002) Acute poisoning in children hospitalized at the Medical University Hospital No 3 in Warsaw, between 1996 and 2000. Pediatr Pol 77:509–516 Sidor K, Mikolajczyk W, Horwath-Stolarczyk A (2002) Acute poisoning in children hospitalized at the Medical University Hospital No 3 in Warsaw, between 1996 and 2000. Pediatr Pol 77:509–516
273.
Zurück zum Zitat Boyer EW, Shannon M (2005) The serotonin syndrome. N Engl J Med 352:1112–1120PubMed Boyer EW, Shannon M (2005) The serotonin syndrome. N Engl J Med 352:1112–1120PubMed
274.
Zurück zum Zitat Bhanushali MJ, Tuite PJ (2004) The evaluation and management of patients with neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Neurol Clin 22:389–411PubMed Bhanushali MJ, Tuite PJ (2004) The evaluation and management of patients with neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Neurol Clin 22:389–411PubMed
275.
Zurück zum Zitat Abraham E, Matthay MA, Dinarello CA et al (2000) Consensus conference definitions for sepsis, septic shock, acute lung injury, and acute respiratory distress syndrome: time for a reevaluation. Crit Care Med 28:232–235PubMed Abraham E, Matthay MA, Dinarello CA et al (2000) Consensus conference definitions for sepsis, septic shock, acute lung injury, and acute respiratory distress syndrome: time for a reevaluation. Crit Care Med 28:232–235PubMed
276.
Zurück zum Zitat Savage MW, Mah PM, Weetman AP, Newell-Price J (2004) Endocrine emergencies. Postgrad Med J 80:506–515PubMed Savage MW, Mah PM, Weetman AP, Newell-Price J (2004) Endocrine emergencies. Postgrad Med J 80:506–515PubMed
277.
Zurück zum Zitat Hadad E, Weinbroum AA, Ben-Abraham R (2003) Drug-induced hyperthermia and muscle rigidity: a practical approach. Eur J Emerg Med 10:149–154PubMed Hadad E, Weinbroum AA, Ben-Abraham R (2003) Drug-induced hyperthermia and muscle rigidity: a practical approach. Eur J Emerg Med 10:149–154PubMed
278.
Zurück zum Zitat Halloran LL, Bernard DW (2004) Management of drug-induced hyperthermia. Curr Opin Pediatr 16:211–215PubMed Halloran LL, Bernard DW (2004) Management of drug-induced hyperthermia. Curr Opin Pediatr 16:211–215PubMed
279.
Zurück zum Zitat Bouchama A, Dehbi M, Chaves-Carballo E (2007) Cooling and hemodynamic management in heatstroke: practical recommendations. Crit Care 11:R54PubMed Bouchama A, Dehbi M, Chaves-Carballo E (2007) Cooling and hemodynamic management in heatstroke: practical recommendations. Crit Care 11:R54PubMed
280.
Zurück zum Zitat Armstrong LE, Crago AE, Adams R et al (1996) Whole-body cooling of hyperthermic runners: comparison of two field therapies. Am J Emerg Med 14:355–358PubMed Armstrong LE, Crago AE, Adams R et al (1996) Whole-body cooling of hyperthermic runners: comparison of two field therapies. Am J Emerg Med 14:355–358PubMed
281.
Zurück zum Zitat Horowitz BZ (1989) The golden hour in heat stroke: use of iced peritoneal lavage. Am J Emerg Med 7:616–619PubMed Horowitz BZ (1989) The golden hour in heat stroke: use of iced peritoneal lavage. Am J Emerg Med 7:616–619PubMed
282.
Zurück zum Zitat Bernard S, Buist M, Monteiro O, Smith K (2003) Induced hypothermia using large volume, ice-cold intravenous fluid in comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a preliminary report. Resuscitation 56:9–13PubMed Bernard S, Buist M, Monteiro O, Smith K (2003) Induced hypothermia using large volume, ice-cold intravenous fluid in comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a preliminary report. Resuscitation 56:9–13PubMed
283.
Zurück zum Zitat Schmutzhard E, Engelhardt K, Beer R et al (2002) Safety and efficacy of a novel intravascular cooling device to control body temperature in neurologic intensive care patients: a prospective pilot study. Crit Care Med 30:2481–2488PubMed Schmutzhard E, Engelhardt K, Beer R et al (2002) Safety and efficacy of a novel intravascular cooling device to control body temperature in neurologic intensive care patients: a prospective pilot study. Crit Care Med 30:2481–2488PubMed
284.
Zurück zum Zitat Al-Senani FM, Graffagnino C, Grotta JC et al (2004) A prospective, multicenter pilot study to evaluate the feasibility and safety of using the CoolGard System and Icy catheter following cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 62:143–150PubMed Al-Senani FM, Graffagnino C, Grotta JC et al (2004) A prospective, multicenter pilot study to evaluate the feasibility and safety of using the CoolGard System and Icy catheter following cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 62:143–150PubMed
285.
Zurück zum Zitat Behringer W, Safar P, Wu X et al (2002) Veno-venous extracorporeal blood shunt cooling to induce mild hypothermia in dog experiments and review of cooling methods. Resuscitation 54:89–98PubMed Behringer W, Safar P, Wu X et al (2002) Veno-venous extracorporeal blood shunt cooling to induce mild hypothermia in dog experiments and review of cooling methods. Resuscitation 54:89–98PubMed
286.
Zurück zum Zitat Hostler D, Northington WE, Callaway CW (2009) High-dose diazepam facilitates core cooling during cold saline infusion in healthy volunteers. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 34:582–586PubMed Hostler D, Northington WE, Callaway CW (2009) High-dose diazepam facilitates core cooling during cold saline infusion in healthy volunteers. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 34:582–586PubMed
287.
Zurück zum Zitat Hadad E, Cohen-Sivan Y, Heled Y, Epstein Y (2005) Clinical review: Treatment of heat stroke: should dantrolene be considered? Crit Care 9:86–91PubMed Hadad E, Cohen-Sivan Y, Heled Y, Epstein Y (2005) Clinical review: Treatment of heat stroke: should dantrolene be considered? Crit Care 9:86–91PubMed
288.
Zurück zum Zitat Channa AB, Seraj MA, Saddique AA et al (1990) Is dantrolene effective in heat stroke patients? Crit Care Med 18:290–292PubMed Channa AB, Seraj MA, Saddique AA et al (1990) Is dantrolene effective in heat stroke patients? Crit Care Med 18:290–292PubMed
289.
Zurück zum Zitat Bouchama A, Cafege A, Devol EB et al (1991) Ineffectiveness of dantrolene sodium in the treatment of heatstroke. Crit Care Med 19:176–180PubMed Bouchama A, Cafege A, Devol EB et al (1991) Ineffectiveness of dantrolene sodium in the treatment of heatstroke. Crit Care Med 19:176–180PubMed
290.
Zurück zum Zitat Larach MG, Gronert GA, Allen GC et al (2010) Clinical presentation, treatment, and complications of malignant hyperthermia in North America from 1987 to 2006. Anesth Analg 110:498–507PubMed Larach MG, Gronert GA, Allen GC et al (2010) Clinical presentation, treatment, and complications of malignant hyperthermia in North America from 1987 to 2006. Anesth Analg 110:498–507PubMed
291.
Zurück zum Zitat Krause T, Gerbershagen MU, Fiege M et al (2004) Dantrolene – a review of its pharmacology, therapeutic use and new developments. Anaesthesia 59:364–373PubMed Krause T, Gerbershagen MU, Fiege M et al (2004) Dantrolene – a review of its pharmacology, therapeutic use and new developments. Anaesthesia 59:364–373PubMed
292.
Zurück zum Zitat Hall AP, Henry JA (2006) Acute toxic effects of ‚Ecstasy‘ (MDMA) and related compounds: overview of pathophysiology and clinical management. Br J Anaesth 96:678–685PubMed Hall AP, Henry JA (2006) Acute toxic effects of ‚Ecstasy‘ (MDMA) and related compounds: overview of pathophysiology and clinical management. Br J Anaesth 96:678–685PubMed
293.
Zurück zum Zitat Eshel G, Safar P, Sassano J, Stezoski W (1990) Hyperthermia-induced cardiac arrest in dogs and monkeys. Resuscitation 20:129–143PubMed Eshel G, Safar P, Sassano J, Stezoski W (1990) Hyperthermia-induced cardiac arrest in dogs and monkeys. Resuscitation 20:129–143PubMed
294.
Zurück zum Zitat Eshel G, Safar P, Radovsky A, Stezoski SW (1997) Hyperthermia-induced cardiac arrest in monkeys: limited efficacy of standard CPR. Aviat Space Environ Med 68:415–420PubMed Eshel G, Safar P, Radovsky A, Stezoski SW (1997) Hyperthermia-induced cardiac arrest in monkeys: limited efficacy of standard CPR. Aviat Space Environ Med 68:415–420PubMed
295.
Zurück zum Zitat Zeiner A, Holzer M, Sterz F et al (2001) Hyperthermia after cardiac arrest is associated with an unfavorable neurologic outcome. Arch Intern Med 161:2007–2712PubMed Zeiner A, Holzer M, Sterz F et al (2001) Hyperthermia after cardiac arrest is associated with an unfavorable neurologic outcome. Arch Intern Med 161:2007–2712PubMed
296.
Zurück zum Zitat Masoli M, Fabian D, Holt S, Beasley R (2004) The global burden of asthma: executive summary of the GINA Dissemination Committee report. Allergy 59:469–478PubMed Masoli M, Fabian D, Holt S, Beasley R (2004) The global burden of asthma: executive summary of the GINA Dissemination Committee report. Allergy 59:469–478PubMed
297.
Zurück zum Zitat Pearce N, Ait-Khaled N, Beasley R et al (2007) Worldwide trends in the prevalence of asthma symptoms: phase III of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). Thorax 62:758–766PubMed Pearce N, Ait-Khaled N, Beasley R et al (2007) Worldwide trends in the prevalence of asthma symptoms: phase III of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). Thorax 62:758–766PubMed
298.
Zurück zum Zitat Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention 2009 2009. (Accessed 24/06/10, 2010, at Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention 2009 2009. (Accessed 24/06/10, 2010, at
299.
Zurück zum Zitat Romagnoli M, Caramori G, Braccioni F et al (2007) Near-fatal asthma phenotype in the ENFUMOSA Cohort. Clin Exp Allergy 37:552–557PubMed Romagnoli M, Caramori G, Braccioni F et al (2007) Near-fatal asthma phenotype in the ENFUMOSA Cohort. Clin Exp Allergy 37:552–557PubMed
300.
Zurück zum Zitat Turner MO, Noertjojo K, Vedal S et al (1998) Risk factors for near-fatal asthma: a case-control study in hospitalized patients with asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 157:1804–1809PubMed Turner MO, Noertjojo K, Vedal S et al (1998) Risk factors for near-fatal asthma: a case-control study in hospitalized patients with asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 157:1804–1809PubMed
301.
Zurück zum Zitat Ernst P, Spitzer WO, Suissa S et al (1992) Risk of fatal and near-fatal asthma in relation to inhaled corticosteroid use. JAMA 268:3462–3464PubMed Ernst P, Spitzer WO, Suissa S et al (1992) Risk of fatal and near-fatal asthma in relation to inhaled corticosteroid use. JAMA 268:3462–3464PubMed
302.
Zurück zum Zitat Suissa S, Blais L, Ernst P (1994) Patterns of increasing beta-agonist use and the risk of fatal or near-fatal asthma. Eur Respir J 7:1602–1609PubMed Suissa S, Blais L, Ernst P (1994) Patterns of increasing beta-agonist use and the risk of fatal or near-fatal asthma. Eur Respir J 7:1602–1609PubMed
303.
Zurück zum Zitat Alvarez GG, Fitzgerald JM (2007) A systematic review of the psychological risk factors associated with near fatal asthma or fatal asthma. Respiration 74:228–236PubMed Alvarez GG, Fitzgerald JM (2007) A systematic review of the psychological risk factors associated with near fatal asthma or fatal asthma. Respiration 74:228–236PubMed
304.
Zurück zum Zitat Williams TJ, Tuxen DV, Scheinkestel CD et al (1992) Risk factors for morbidity in mechanically ventilated patients with acute severe asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 146:607–615PubMed Williams TJ, Tuxen DV, Scheinkestel CD et al (1992) Risk factors for morbidity in mechanically ventilated patients with acute severe asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 146:607–615PubMed
305.
Zurück zum Zitat Soar J, Pumphrey R, Cant A et al (2008) Emergency treatment of anaphylactic reactions – guidelines for healthcare providers. Resuscitation 77:157–169PubMed Soar J, Pumphrey R, Cant A et al (2008) Emergency treatment of anaphylactic reactions – guidelines for healthcare providers. Resuscitation 77:157–169PubMed
306.
Zurück zum Zitat Kokturk N, Demir N, Kervan F et al (2004) A subglottic mass mimicking near-fatal asthma: a challenge of diagnosis. J Emerg Med 26:57–60PubMed Kokturk N, Demir N, Kervan F et al (2004) A subglottic mass mimicking near-fatal asthma: a challenge of diagnosis. J Emerg Med 26:57–60PubMed
307.
Zurück zum Zitat Levy ML, Thomas M, Small I et al (2009) Summary of the 2008 BTS/SIGN British Guideline on the management of asthma. Prim Care Respir J 18(Suppl 1):S1–S16PubMed Levy ML, Thomas M, Small I et al (2009) Summary of the 2008 BTS/SIGN British Guideline on the management of asthma. Prim Care Respir J 18(Suppl 1):S1–S16PubMed
308.
Zurück zum Zitat Rodrigo GJ, Nannini LJ (2006) Comparison between nebulized adrenaline and beta2 agonists for the treatment of acute asthma. A meta-analysis of randomized trials. Am J Emerg Med 24:217–222PubMed Rodrigo GJ, Nannini LJ (2006) Comparison between nebulized adrenaline and beta2 agonists for the treatment of acute asthma. A meta-analysis of randomized trials. Am J Emerg Med 24:217–222PubMed
309.
Zurück zum Zitat Rowe BH, Spooner CH, Ducharme FM et al (2001) Corticosteroids for preventing relapse following acute exacerbations of asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev:CD000195 Rowe BH, Spooner CH, Ducharme FM et al (2001) Corticosteroids for preventing relapse following acute exacerbations of asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev:CD000195
310.
Zurück zum Zitat Ratto D, Alfaro C, Sipsey J et al (1988) Are intravenous corticosteroids required in status asthmaticus? JAMA 260:527–529PubMed Ratto D, Alfaro C, Sipsey J et al (1988) Are intravenous corticosteroids required in status asthmaticus? JAMA 260:527–529PubMed
311.
Zurück zum Zitat Aaron SD (2001) The use of ipratropium bromide for the management of acute asthma exacerbation in adults and children: a systematic review. J Asthma 38:521–530PubMed Aaron SD (2001) The use of ipratropium bromide for the management of acute asthma exacerbation in adults and children: a systematic review. J Asthma 38:521–530PubMed
312.
Zurück zum Zitat Rodrigo G, Rodrigo C, Burschtin O (1999) A meta-analysis of the effects of ipratropium bromide in adults with acute asthma. Am J Med 107:363–370PubMed Rodrigo G, Rodrigo C, Burschtin O (1999) A meta-analysis of the effects of ipratropium bromide in adults with acute asthma. Am J Med 107:363–370PubMed
313.
Zurück zum Zitat Blitz M, Blitz S, Beasely R et al (2005) Inhaled magnesium sulfate in the treatment of acute asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev:CD003898 Blitz M, Blitz S, Beasely R et al (2005) Inhaled magnesium sulfate in the treatment of acute asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev:CD003898
314.
Zurück zum Zitat Mohammed S, Goodacre S (2007) Intravenous and nebulised magnesium sulphate for acute asthma: systematic review and meta-analysis. Emerg Med J 24:823–830PubMed Mohammed S, Goodacre S (2007) Intravenous and nebulised magnesium sulphate for acute asthma: systematic review and meta-analysis. Emerg Med J 24:823–830PubMed
315.
Zurück zum Zitat Bradshaw TA, Matusiewicz SP, Crompton GK et al (2008) Intravenous magnesium sulphate provides no additive benefit to standard management in acute asthma. Respir Med 102:143–149PubMed Bradshaw TA, Matusiewicz SP, Crompton GK et al (2008) Intravenous magnesium sulphate provides no additive benefit to standard management in acute asthma. Respir Med 102:143–149PubMed
316.
Zurück zum Zitat Cowman S, Butler J (2008) Towards evidence based emergency medicine: best BETs from the Manchester Royal Infirmary. BET 3. The use of intravenous aminophylline in addition to beta-agonists and steroids in acute asthma. Emerg Med J 25:289–290PubMed Cowman S, Butler J (2008) Towards evidence based emergency medicine: best BETs from the Manchester Royal Infirmary. BET 3. The use of intravenous aminophylline in addition to beta-agonists and steroids in acute asthma. Emerg Med J 25:289–290PubMed
317.
Zurück zum Zitat Parameswaran K, Belda J, Rowe BH (2000) Addition of intravenous aminophylline to β2-agonists in adults with acute asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev:CD002742 Parameswaran K, Belda J, Rowe BH (2000) Addition of intravenous aminophylline to β2-agonists in adults with acute asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev:CD002742
318.
Zurück zum Zitat Travers A, Jones AP, Kelly K et al (2001) Intravenous beta2- agonists for acute asthma in the emergency department. Cochrane Database Syst Rev:CD002988 Travers A, Jones AP, Kelly K et al (2001) Intravenous beta2- agonists for acute asthma in the emergency department. Cochrane Database Syst Rev:CD002988
319.
Zurück zum Zitat Kuitert LM, Watson D (2007) Antileukotrienes as adjunctive therapy in acute asthma. Drugs 67:1665–1670PubMed Kuitert LM, Watson D (2007) Antileukotrienes as adjunctive therapy in acute asthma. Drugs 67:1665–1670PubMed
320.
Zurück zum Zitat Camargo CA Jr, Gurner DM, Smithline HA et al (2010) A randomized placebo-controlled study of intravenous montelukast for the treatment of acute asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 125:374–380PubMed Camargo CA Jr, Gurner DM, Smithline HA et al (2010) A randomized placebo-controlled study of intravenous montelukast for the treatment of acute asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 125:374–380PubMed
321.
Zurück zum Zitat Cydulka R, Davison R, Grammer L et al (1988) The use of epinephrine in the treatment of older adult asthmatics. Ann Emerg Med 17:322–326PubMed Cydulka R, Davison R, Grammer L et al (1988) The use of epinephrine in the treatment of older adult asthmatics. Ann Emerg Med 17:322–326PubMed
322.
Zurück zum Zitat Victoria MS, Battista CJ, Nangia BS (1977) Comparison of subcutaneous terbutaline with epinephrine in the treatment of asthma in children. J Allergy Clin Immunol 59:128–135 Victoria MS, Battista CJ, Nangia BS (1977) Comparison of subcutaneous terbutaline with epinephrine in the treatment of asthma in children. J Allergy Clin Immunol 59:128–135
323.
Zurück zum Zitat Victoria MS, Battista CJ, Nangia BS (1989) Comparison between epinephrine and terbutaline injections in the acute management of asthma. J Asthma 26:287–290PubMed Victoria MS, Battista CJ, Nangia BS (1989) Comparison between epinephrine and terbutaline injections in the acute management of asthma. J Asthma 26:287–290PubMed
324.
Zurück zum Zitat Rodrigo GJ, Rodrigo C, Pollack CV, Rowe B (2003) Use of helium-oxygen mixtures in the treatment of acute asthma: a systematic review. Chest 123:891–896PubMed Rodrigo GJ, Rodrigo C, Pollack CV, Rowe B (2003) Use of helium-oxygen mixtures in the treatment of acute asthma: a systematic review. Chest 123:891–896PubMed
325.
Zurück zum Zitat Gupta D, Keogh B, Chung KF et al (2004) Characteristics and outcome for admissions to adult, general critical care units with acute severe asthma: a secondary analysis of the ICNARC Case Mix Programme Database. Crit Care 8:R112–R121PubMed Gupta D, Keogh B, Chung KF et al (2004) Characteristics and outcome for admissions to adult, general critical care units with acute severe asthma: a secondary analysis of the ICNARC Case Mix Programme Database. Crit Care 8:R112–R121PubMed
326.
Zurück zum Zitat Brenner B, Corbridge T, Kazzi A (2009) Intubation and mechanical ventilation of the asthmatic patient in respiratory failure. J Allergy Clin Immunol 124:S19–S28PubMed Brenner B, Corbridge T, Kazzi A (2009) Intubation and mechanical ventilation of the asthmatic patient in respiratory failure. J Allergy Clin Immunol 124:S19–S28PubMed
327.
Zurück zum Zitat Antonelli M, Pennisi MA, Montini L (2005) Clinical review: Noninvasive ventilation in the clinical setting – experience from the past 10 years. Crit Care 9:98–103PubMed Antonelli M, Pennisi MA, Montini L (2005) Clinical review: Noninvasive ventilation in the clinical setting – experience from the past 10 years. Crit Care 9:98–103PubMed
328.
Zurück zum Zitat Ram FS, Wellington S, Rowe BH, Wedzicha JA (2005) Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation for treatment of respiratory failure due to severe acute exacerbations of asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev:CD004360 Ram FS, Wellington S, Rowe BH, Wedzicha JA (2005) Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation for treatment of respiratory failure due to severe acute exacerbations of asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev:CD004360
329.
Zurück zum Zitat Leatherman JW, McArthur C, Shapiro RS (2004) Effect of prolongation of expiratory time on dynamic hyperinflation in mechanically ventilated patients with severe asthma. Crit Care Med 32:1542–1545PubMed Leatherman JW, McArthur C, Shapiro RS (2004) Effect of prolongation of expiratory time on dynamic hyperinflation in mechanically ventilated patients with severe asthma. Crit Care Med 32:1542–1545PubMed
330.
Zurück zum Zitat Bowman FP, Menegazzi JJ, Check BD, Duckett TM (1995) Lower esophageal sphincter pressure during prolonged cardiac arrest and resuscitation. Ann Emerg Med 26:216–219PubMed Bowman FP, Menegazzi JJ, Check BD, Duckett TM (1995) Lower esophageal sphincter pressure during prolonged cardiac arrest and resuscitation. Ann Emerg Med 26:216–219PubMed
331.
Zurück zum Zitat Lapinsky SE, Leung RS (1996) Auto-PEEP and electromechanical dissociation. N Engl J Med 335:674PubMed Lapinsky SE, Leung RS (1996) Auto-PEEP and electromechanical dissociation. N Engl J Med 335:674PubMed
332.
Zurück zum Zitat Rogers PL, Schlichtig R, Miro A, Pinsky M (1991) Auto-PEEP during CPR. An „occult“ cause of electromechanical dissociation? Chest 99:492–493PubMed Rogers PL, Schlichtig R, Miro A, Pinsky M (1991) Auto-PEEP during CPR. An „occult“ cause of electromechanical dissociation? Chest 99:492–493PubMed
333.
Zurück zum Zitat Rosengarten PL, Tuxen DV, Dziukas L et al (1991) Circulatory arrest induced by intermittent positive pressure ventilation in a patient with severe asthma. Anaesth Intensive Care 19:118–121PubMed Rosengarten PL, Tuxen DV, Dziukas L et al (1991) Circulatory arrest induced by intermittent positive pressure ventilation in a patient with severe asthma. Anaesth Intensive Care 19:118–121PubMed
334.
Zurück zum Zitat Sprung J, Hunter K, Barnas GM, Bourke DL (1994) Abdominal distention is not always a sign of esophageal intubation: cardiac arrest due to „auto-PEEP“. Anesth Analg 78:801–804PubMed Sprung J, Hunter K, Barnas GM, Bourke DL (1994) Abdominal distention is not always a sign of esophageal intubation: cardiac arrest due to „auto-PEEP“. Anesth Analg 78:801–804PubMed
335.
Zurück zum Zitat Harrison R (2010) Chest compression first aid for respiratory arrest due to acute asphyxic asthma. Emerg Med J 27:59–61PubMed Harrison R (2010) Chest compression first aid for respiratory arrest due to acute asphyxic asthma. Emerg Med J 27:59–61PubMed
336.
Zurück zum Zitat Deakin CD, Morrison LJ, Morley PT et al (2010) International consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations. Part 8: Advanced life support. Resuscitation In Press Deakin CD, Morrison LJ, Morley PT et al (2010) International consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations. Part 8: Advanced life support. Resuscitation In Press
337.
Zurück zum Zitat Deakin CD, McLaren RM, Petley GW et al (1998) Effects of positive end-expiratory pressure on transthoracic impedance– implications for defibrillation. Resuscitation 37:9–12PubMed Deakin CD, McLaren RM, Petley GW et al (1998) Effects of positive end-expiratory pressure on transthoracic impedance– implications for defibrillation. Resuscitation 37:9–12PubMed
338.
Zurück zum Zitat Sunde K, Jacobs I, Deakin CD et al (o J) 2010 international consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations. Part 6: Defibrillation. Resuscitation In Press Sunde K, Jacobs I, Deakin CD et al (o J) 2010 international consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations. Part 6: Defibrillation. Resuscitation In Press
339.
Zurück zum Zitat Galbois A, Ait-Oufella H, Baudel JL et al (2010) Pleural ultrasound compared to chest radiographic detection of pneumothorax resolution after drainage. Chest Galbois A, Ait-Oufella H, Baudel JL et al (2010) Pleural ultrasound compared to chest radiographic detection of pneumothorax resolution after drainage. Chest
340.
Zurück zum Zitat Mabuchi N, Takasu H, Ito S et al (1991) Successful extracorporeal lung assist (ECLA) for a patient with severe asthma and cardiac arrest. Clin Intensive Care 2:292–294PubMed Mabuchi N, Takasu H, Ito S et al (1991) Successful extracorporeal lung assist (ECLA) for a patient with severe asthma and cardiac arrest. Clin Intensive Care 2:292–294PubMed
341.
Zurück zum Zitat Martin GB, Rivers EP, Paradis NA et al (1998) Emergency department cardiopulmonary bypass in the treatment of human cardiac arrest. Chest 113:743–751PubMed Martin GB, Rivers EP, Paradis NA et al (1998) Emergency department cardiopulmonary bypass in the treatment of human cardiac arrest. Chest 113:743–751PubMed
342.
Zurück zum Zitat Johansson SG, Bieber T, Dahl R et al (2004) Revised nomenclature for allergy for global use: Report of the nomenclature review committee of the world allergy organization, october 2003. J Allergy Clin Immunol 113:832–836PubMed Johansson SG, Bieber T, Dahl R et al (2004) Revised nomenclature for allergy for global use: Report of the nomenclature review committee of the world allergy organization, october 2003. J Allergy Clin Immunol 113:832–836PubMed
343.
Zurück zum Zitat Soar J (2009) Emergency treatment of anaphylaxis in adults: concise guidance. Clin Med 9:181–185PubMed Soar J (2009) Emergency treatment of anaphylaxis in adults: concise guidance. Clin Med 9:181–185PubMed
344.
Zurück zum Zitat Lieberman P, Camargo CA Jr, Bohlke K et al (2006) Epidemiology of anaphylaxis: findings of the American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology Epidemiology of Anaphylaxis Working Group. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 97:596–602PubMed Lieberman P, Camargo CA Jr, Bohlke K et al (2006) Epidemiology of anaphylaxis: findings of the American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology Epidemiology of Anaphylaxis Working Group. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 97:596–602PubMed
345.
Zurück zum Zitat Muraro A, Roberts G, Clark A et al (2007) The management of anaphylaxis in childhood: position paper of the European academy of allergology and clinical immunology. Allergy 62:857–871PubMed Muraro A, Roberts G, Clark A et al (2007) The management of anaphylaxis in childhood: position paper of the European academy of allergology and clinical immunology. Allergy 62:857–871PubMed
346.
Zurück zum Zitat Harper NJ, Dixon T, Dugue P et al (2009) Suspected anaphylactic reactions associated with anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 64:199–211PubMed Harper NJ, Dixon T, Dugue P et al (2009) Suspected anaphylactic reactions associated with anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 64:199–211PubMed
347.
Zurück zum Zitat Pumphrey RS (2004) Fatal anaphylaxis in the UK, 1992–2001. Novartis Found Symp 257:116–128; discussion 28–32, 57–60, 276–185PubMed Pumphrey RS (2004) Fatal anaphylaxis in the UK, 1992–2001. Novartis Found Symp 257:116–128; discussion 28–32, 57–60, 276–185PubMed
348.
Zurück zum Zitat Gonzalez-Perez A, Aponte Z, Vidaurre CF, Rodriguez LA (2010) Anaphylaxis epidemiology in patients with and patients without asthma: a United Kingdom database review. J Allergy Clin Immunol 125:1098–1104 e1PubMed Gonzalez-Perez A, Aponte Z, Vidaurre CF, Rodriguez LA (2010) Anaphylaxis epidemiology in patients with and patients without asthma: a United Kingdom database review. J Allergy Clin Immunol 125:1098–1104 e1PubMed
349.
Zurück zum Zitat Capps JA, Sharma V, Arkwright PD (2010) Prevalence, outcome and pre-hospital management of anaphylaxis by first aiders and paramedical ambulance staff in Manchester, UK. Resuscitation 81:653–657PubMed Capps JA, Sharma V, Arkwright PD (2010) Prevalence, outcome and pre-hospital management of anaphylaxis by first aiders and paramedical ambulance staff in Manchester, UK. Resuscitation 81:653–657PubMed
350.
Zurück zum Zitat Roberts G, Patel N, Levi-Schaffer F et al (2003) Food allergy as a risk factor for life-threatening asthma in childhood: a case-controlled study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 112:168–174PubMed Roberts G, Patel N, Levi-Schaffer F et al (2003) Food allergy as a risk factor for life-threatening asthma in childhood: a case-controlled study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 112:168–174PubMed
351.
Zurück zum Zitat Gikas A, Lazaros G, Kontou-Fili K (2005) Acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction after amoxycillin-induced anaphylactic shock in a young adult with normal coronary arteries: a case report. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 5:6PubMed Gikas A, Lazaros G, Kontou-Fili K (2005) Acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction after amoxycillin-induced anaphylactic shock in a young adult with normal coronary arteries: a case report. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 5:6PubMed
352.
Zurück zum Zitat Brown SG (2005) Cardiovascular aspects of anaphylaxis: implications for treatment and diagnosis. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 5:359–364PubMed Brown SG (2005) Cardiovascular aspects of anaphylaxis: implications for treatment and diagnosis. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 5:359–364PubMed
353.
Zurück zum Zitat Sampson HA, Munoz-Furlong A, Campbell RL et al (2006) Second symposium on the definition and management of anaphylaxis: summary report – Second National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease/Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network symposium. J Allergy Clin Immunol 117:391–397PubMed Sampson HA, Munoz-Furlong A, Campbell RL et al (2006) Second symposium on the definition and management of anaphylaxis: summary report – Second National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease/Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network symposium. J Allergy Clin Immunol 117:391–397PubMed
354.
Zurück zum Zitat Pumphrey RSH (2003) Fatal posture in anaphylactic shock. J Allergy Clin Immunol 112:451–452PubMed Pumphrey RSH (2003) Fatal posture in anaphylactic shock. J Allergy Clin Immunol 112:451–452PubMed
355.
Zurück zum Zitat Visscher PK, Vetter RS, Camazine S (1996) Removing bee stings. Lancet 348:301–302PubMed Visscher PK, Vetter RS, Camazine S (1996) Removing bee stings. Lancet 348:301–302PubMed
356.
Zurück zum Zitat Simpson CR, Sheikh A (2010) Adrenaline is first line treatment for the emergency treatment of anaphylaxis. Resuscitation 81:641–642PubMed Simpson CR, Sheikh A (2010) Adrenaline is first line treatment for the emergency treatment of anaphylaxis. Resuscitation 81:641–642PubMed
357.
Zurück zum Zitat Kemp SF, Lockey RF, Simons FE (2008) Epinephrine: the drug of choice for anaphylaxis. A statement of the World Allergy Organization. Allergy 63:1061–1070PubMed Kemp SF, Lockey RF, Simons FE (2008) Epinephrine: the drug of choice for anaphylaxis. A statement of the World Allergy Organization. Allergy 63:1061–1070PubMed
358.
Zurück zum Zitat Sheikh A, Shehata YA, Brown SG, Simons FE (2008) Adrenaline (epinephrine) for the treatment of anaphylaxis with and without shock. Cochrane Database Syst Rev:CD006312 Sheikh A, Shehata YA, Brown SG, Simons FE (2008) Adrenaline (epinephrine) for the treatment of anaphylaxis with and without shock. Cochrane Database Syst Rev:CD006312
359.
Zurück zum Zitat Bautista E, Simons FE, Simons KJ et al (2002) Epinephrine fails to hasten hemodynamic recovery in fully developed canine anaphylactic shock. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 128:151–164PubMed Bautista E, Simons FE, Simons KJ et al (2002) Epinephrine fails to hasten hemodynamic recovery in fully developed canine anaphylactic shock. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 128:151–164PubMed
360.
Zurück zum Zitat Song TT, Nelson MR, Chang JH et al (2005) Adequacy of the epinephrine autoinjector needle length in delivering epinephrine to the intramuscular tissues. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 94:539–542PubMed Song TT, Nelson MR, Chang JH et al (2005) Adequacy of the epinephrine autoinjector needle length in delivering epinephrine to the intramuscular tissues. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 94:539–542PubMed
361.
Zurück zum Zitat Simons FE, Gu X, Simons KJ (2001) Epinephrine absorption in adults: intramuscular versus subcutaneous injection. J Allergy Clin Immunol 108:871–873PubMed Simons FE, Gu X, Simons KJ (2001) Epinephrine absorption in adults: intramuscular versus subcutaneous injection. J Allergy Clin Immunol 108:871–873PubMed
362.
Zurück zum Zitat Simons FE, Roberts JR, Gu X, Simons KJ (1998) Epinephrine absorption in children with a history of anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 101:33–37PubMed Simons FE, Roberts JR, Gu X, Simons KJ (1998) Epinephrine absorption in children with a history of anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 101:33–37PubMed
363.
Zurück zum Zitat Simons FE, Gu X, Johnston LM, Simons KJ (2000) Can epinephrine inhalations be substituted for epinephrine injection in children at risk for systemic anaphylaxis? Pediatrics 106:1040–1044PubMed Simons FE, Gu X, Johnston LM, Simons KJ (2000) Can epinephrine inhalations be substituted for epinephrine injection in children at risk for systemic anaphylaxis? Pediatrics 106:1040–1044PubMed
364.
Zurück zum Zitat Gompels LL, Bethune C, Johnston SL, Gompels MM (2002) Proposed use of adrenaline (epinephrine) in anaphylaxis and related conditions: a study of senior house officers starting accident and emergency posts. Postgrad Med J 78:416–418PubMed Gompels LL, Bethune C, Johnston SL, Gompels MM (2002) Proposed use of adrenaline (epinephrine) in anaphylaxis and related conditions: a study of senior house officers starting accident and emergency posts. Postgrad Med J 78:416–418PubMed
365.
Zurück zum Zitat Brown SG, Blackman KE, Stenlake V, Heddle RJ (2004) Insect sting anaphylaxis; prospective evaluation of treatment with intravenous adrenaline and volume resuscitation. Emerg Med J 21:149–154PubMed Brown SG, Blackman KE, Stenlake V, Heddle RJ (2004) Insect sting anaphylaxis; prospective evaluation of treatment with intravenous adrenaline and volume resuscitation. Emerg Med J 21:149–154PubMed
366.
Zurück zum Zitat Sheikh A, Ten Broek V, Brown SG, Simons FE (2007) H1-antihistamines for the treatment of anaphylaxis: Cochrane systematic review. Allergy 62:830–837PubMed Sheikh A, Ten Broek V, Brown SG, Simons FE (2007) H1-antihistamines for the treatment of anaphylaxis: Cochrane systematic review. Allergy 62:830–837PubMed
367.
Zurück zum Zitat Choo KJ, Simons FE, Sheikh A (2010) Glucocorticoids for the treatment of anaphylaxis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3:CD007596PubMed Choo KJ, Simons FE, Sheikh A (2010) Glucocorticoids for the treatment of anaphylaxis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3:CD007596PubMed
368.
Zurück zum Zitat Green R, Ball A (2005) Alpha-agonists for the treatment of anaphylactic shock. Anaesthesia 60:621–622PubMed Green R, Ball A (2005) Alpha-agonists for the treatment of anaphylactic shock. Anaesthesia 60:621–622PubMed
369.
Zurück zum Zitat Kluger MT (2001) The Bispectral Index during an anaphylactic circulatory arrest. Anaesth Intensive Care 29:544–547PubMed Kluger MT (2001) The Bispectral Index during an anaphylactic circulatory arrest. Anaesth Intensive Care 29:544–547PubMed
370.
Zurück zum Zitat McBrien ME, Breslin DS, Atkinson S, Johnston JR (2001) Use of methoxamine in the resuscitation of epinephrine-resistant electromechanical dissociation. Anaesthesia 56:1085–1089PubMed McBrien ME, Breslin DS, Atkinson S, Johnston JR (2001) Use of methoxamine in the resuscitation of epinephrine-resistant electromechanical dissociation. Anaesthesia 56:1085–1089PubMed
371.
Zurück zum Zitat Rocq N, Favier JC, Plancade D et al (2007) Successful use of terlipressin in post-cardiac arrest resuscitation after an epinephrine-resistant anaphylactic shock to suxamethonium. Anesthesiology 107:166–167PubMed Rocq N, Favier JC, Plancade D et al (2007) Successful use of terlipressin in post-cardiac arrest resuscitation after an epinephrine-resistant anaphylactic shock to suxamethonium. Anesthesiology 107:166–167PubMed
372.
Zurück zum Zitat Kill C, Wranze E, Wulf H (2004) Successful treatment of severe anaphylactic shock with vasopressin. Two case reports. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 134:260–261PubMed Kill C, Wranze E, Wulf H (2004) Successful treatment of severe anaphylactic shock with vasopressin. Two case reports. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 134:260–261PubMed
373.
Zurück zum Zitat Dewachter P, Raeth-Fries I, Jouan-Hureaux V et al (2007) A comparison of epinephrine only, arginine vasopressin only, and epinephrine followed by arginine vasopressin on the survival rate in a rat model of anaphylactic shock. Anesthesiology 106:977–983PubMed Dewachter P, Raeth-Fries I, Jouan-Hureaux V et al (2007) A comparison of epinephrine only, arginine vasopressin only, and epinephrine followed by arginine vasopressin on the survival rate in a rat model of anaphylactic shock. Anesthesiology 106:977–983PubMed
374.
Zurück zum Zitat Higgins DJ, Gayatri P (1999) Methoxamine in the management of severe anaphylaxis. Anaesthesia 54:1126PubMed Higgins DJ, Gayatri P (1999) Methoxamine in the management of severe anaphylaxis. Anaesthesia 54:1126PubMed
375.
Zurück zum Zitat Heytman M, Rainbird A (2004) Use of alpha-agonists for management of anaphylaxis occurring under anaesthesia: case studies and review. Anaesthesia 59:1210–1215PubMed Heytman M, Rainbird A (2004) Use of alpha-agonists for management of anaphylaxis occurring under anaesthesia: case studies and review. Anaesthesia 59:1210–1215PubMed
376.
Zurück zum Zitat Schummer W, Schummer C, Wippermann J, Fuchs J (2004) Anaphylactic shock: is vasopressin the drug of choice? Anesthesiology 101:1025–1027PubMed Schummer W, Schummer C, Wippermann J, Fuchs J (2004) Anaphylactic shock: is vasopressin the drug of choice? Anesthesiology 101:1025–1027PubMed
377.
Zurück zum Zitat Di Chiara L, Stazi GV, Ricci Z et al (2008) Role of vasopressin in the treatment of anaphylactic shock in a child undergoing surgery for congenital heart disease: a case report. J Med Case Reports 2:36 Di Chiara L, Stazi GV, Ricci Z et al (2008) Role of vasopressin in the treatment of anaphylactic shock in a child undergoing surgery for congenital heart disease: a case report. J Med Case Reports 2:36
378.
Zurück zum Zitat Meng L, Williams EL (2008) Case report: treatment of rocuronium-induced anaphylactic shock with vasopressin. Can J Anaesth 55:437–440PubMed Meng L, Williams EL (2008) Case report: treatment of rocuronium-induced anaphylactic shock with vasopressin. Can J Anaesth 55:437–440PubMed
379.
Zurück zum Zitat Schummer C, Wirsing M, Schummer W (2008) The pivotal role of vasopressin in refractory anaphylactic shock. Anesth Analg 107:620–624PubMed Schummer C, Wirsing M, Schummer W (2008) The pivotal role of vasopressin in refractory anaphylactic shock. Anesth Analg 107:620–624PubMed
380.
Zurück zum Zitat Hiruta A, Mitsuhata H, Hiruta M et al (2005) Vasopressin may be useful in the treatment of systemic anaphylaxis in rabbits. Shock 24:264–269PubMed Hiruta A, Mitsuhata H, Hiruta M et al (2005) Vasopressin may be useful in the treatment of systemic anaphylaxis in rabbits. Shock 24:264–269PubMed
381.
Zurück zum Zitat Thomas M, Crawford I (2005) Best evidence topic report. Glucagon infusion in refractory anaphylactic shock in patients on beta-blockers. Emerg Med J 22:272–273PubMed Thomas M, Crawford I (2005) Best evidence topic report. Glucagon infusion in refractory anaphylactic shock in patients on beta-blockers. Emerg Med J 22:272–273PubMed
382.
Zurück zum Zitat Allen SJ, Gallagher A, Paxton LD (2000) Anaphylaxis to rocuronium. Anaesthesia 55:1223–1224PubMed Allen SJ, Gallagher A, Paxton LD (2000) Anaphylaxis to rocuronium. Anaesthesia 55:1223–1224PubMed
383.
Zurück zum Zitat Lafforgue E, Sleth JC, Pluskwa F, Saizy C (2005) Successful extracorporeal resuscitation of a probable perioperative anaphylactic shock due to atracurium. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 24:551–555PubMed Lafforgue E, Sleth JC, Pluskwa F, Saizy C (2005) Successful extracorporeal resuscitation of a probable perioperative anaphylactic shock due to atracurium. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 24:551–555PubMed
384.
Zurück zum Zitat Vatsgar TT, Ingebrigtsen O, Fjose LO et al (2006) Cardiac arrest and resuscitation with an automatic mechanical chest compression device (LUCAS) due to anaphylaxis of a woman receiving caesarean section because of pre-eclampsia. Resuscitation 68:155–159PubMed Vatsgar TT, Ingebrigtsen O, Fjose LO et al (2006) Cardiac arrest and resuscitation with an automatic mechanical chest compression device (LUCAS) due to anaphylaxis of a woman receiving caesarean section because of pre-eclampsia. Resuscitation 68:155–159PubMed
385.
Zurück zum Zitat Schwartz LB (2006) Diagnostic value of tryptase in anaphylaxis and mastocytosis. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 26:451–463PubMed Schwartz LB (2006) Diagnostic value of tryptase in anaphylaxis and mastocytosis. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 26:451–463PubMed
386.
Zurück zum Zitat Brown SG, Blackman KE, Heddle RJ (2004) Can serum mast cell tryptase help diagnose anaphylaxis? Emerg Med Australas 16:120–124PubMed Brown SG, Blackman KE, Heddle RJ (2004) Can serum mast cell tryptase help diagnose anaphylaxis? Emerg Med Australas 16:120–124PubMed
387.
Zurück zum Zitat Tole JW, Lieberman P (2007) Biphasic anaphylaxis: review of incidence, clinical predictors, and observation recommendations. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 27:309–326, viiiPubMed Tole JW, Lieberman P (2007) Biphasic anaphylaxis: review of incidence, clinical predictors, and observation recommendations. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 27:309–326, viiiPubMed
388.
Zurück zum Zitat Simons FE, Lieberman PL, Read EJ Jr, Edwards ES (2009) Hazards of unintentional injection of epinephrine from autoinjectors: a systematic review. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 102:282–287PubMed Simons FE, Lieberman PL, Read EJ Jr, Edwards ES (2009) Hazards of unintentional injection of epinephrine from autoinjectors: a systematic review. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 102:282–287PubMed
389.
Zurück zum Zitat Campbell RL, Luke A, Weaver AL et al (2008) Prescriptions for self-injectable epinephrine and follow-up referral in emergency department patients presenting with anaphylaxis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 101:631–636PubMed Campbell RL, Luke A, Weaver AL et al (2008) Prescriptions for self-injectable epinephrine and follow-up referral in emergency department patients presenting with anaphylaxis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 101:631–636PubMed
390.
Zurück zum Zitat Kelso JM (2006) A second dose of epinephrine for anaphylaxis: how often needed and how to carry. J Allergy Clin Immunol 117:464–465PubMed Kelso JM (2006) A second dose of epinephrine for anaphylaxis: how often needed and how to carry. J Allergy Clin Immunol 117:464–465PubMed
391.
Zurück zum Zitat Choo K, Sheikh A (2007) Action plans for the long-term management of anaphylaxis: systematic review of effectiveness. Clin Exp Allergy 37:1090–1094PubMed Choo K, Sheikh A (2007) Action plans for the long-term management of anaphylaxis: systematic review of effectiveness. Clin Exp Allergy 37:1090–1094PubMed
392.
Zurück zum Zitat Charalambous CP, Zipitis CS, Keenan DJ (2006) Chest reexploration in the intensive care unit after cardiac surgery: a safe alternative to returning to the operating theater. Ann Thorac Surg 81:191–194PubMed Charalambous CP, Zipitis CS, Keenan DJ (2006) Chest reexploration in the intensive care unit after cardiac surgery: a safe alternative to returning to the operating theater. Ann Thorac Surg 81:191–194PubMed
393.
Zurück zum Zitat McKowen RL, Magovern GJ, Liebler GA et al (1985) Infectious complications and cost-effectiveness of open resuscitation in the surgical intensive care unit after cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 40:388–392PubMed McKowen RL, Magovern GJ, Liebler GA et al (1985) Infectious complications and cost-effectiveness of open resuscitation in the surgical intensive care unit after cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 40:388–392PubMed
394.
Zurück zum Zitat Pottle A, Bullock I, Thomas J, Scott L (2002) Survival to discharge following Open Chest Cardiac Compression (OCCC). A 4-year retrospective audit in a cardiothoracic specialist centre – Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust, United Kingdom. Resuscitation 52:269–272PubMed Pottle A, Bullock I, Thomas J, Scott L (2002) Survival to discharge following Open Chest Cardiac Compression (OCCC). A 4-year retrospective audit in a cardiothoracic specialist centre – Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust, United Kingdom. Resuscitation 52:269–272PubMed
395.
Zurück zum Zitat Mackay JH, Powell SJ, Osgathorp J, Rozario CJ (2002) Six-year prospective audit of chest reopening after cardiac arrest. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 22:421–425PubMed Mackay JH, Powell SJ, Osgathorp J, Rozario CJ (2002) Six-year prospective audit of chest reopening after cardiac arrest. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 22:421–425PubMed
396.
Zurück zum Zitat Birdi I, Chaudhuri N, Lenthall K et al (2000) Emergency reinstitution of cardiopulmonary bypass following cardiac surgery: outcome justifies the cost. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 17:743–746PubMed Birdi I, Chaudhuri N, Lenthall K et al (2000) Emergency reinstitution of cardiopulmonary bypass following cardiac surgery: outcome justifies the cost. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 17:743–746PubMed
397.
Zurück zum Zitat el-Banayosy A, Brehm C, Kizner L et al (1998) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation after cardiac surgery: a two-year study. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 12:390–392PubMed el-Banayosy A, Brehm C, Kizner L et al (1998) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation after cardiac surgery: a two-year study. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 12:390–392PubMed
398.
Zurück zum Zitat Anthi A, Tzelepis GE, Alivizatos P et al (1998) Unexpected cardiac arrest after cardiac surgery: Incidence, predisposing causes, and outcome of open chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Chest 113:15–19PubMed Anthi A, Tzelepis GE, Alivizatos P et al (1998) Unexpected cardiac arrest after cardiac surgery: Incidence, predisposing causes, and outcome of open chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Chest 113:15–19PubMed
399.
Zurück zum Zitat Wahba A, Gotz W, Birnbaum DE (1997) Outcome of cardiopulmonary resuscitation following open heart surgery. Scand Cardiovasc J 31:147–149PubMed Wahba A, Gotz W, Birnbaum DE (1997) Outcome of cardiopulmonary resuscitation following open heart surgery. Scand Cardiovasc J 31:147–149PubMed
400.
Zurück zum Zitat Kaiser GC, Naunheim KS, Fiore AC et al (1990) Reoperation in the intensive care unit. Ann Thorac Surg 49:903–907; discussion 8PubMed Kaiser GC, Naunheim KS, Fiore AC et al (1990) Reoperation in the intensive care unit. Ann Thorac Surg 49:903–907; discussion 8PubMed
401.
Zurück zum Zitat Rhodes JF, Blaufox AD, Seiden HS et al (1999) Cardiac arrest in infants after congenital heart surgery. Circulation 100:II194–II199PubMed Rhodes JF, Blaufox AD, Seiden HS et al (1999) Cardiac arrest in infants after congenital heart surgery. Circulation 100:II194–II199PubMed
402.
Zurück zum Zitat Dimopoulou I, Anthi A, Michalis A, Tzelepis GE (2001) Functional status and quality of life in long-term survivors of cardiac arrest after cardiac surgery. Crit Care Med 29:1408–1411PubMed Dimopoulou I, Anthi A, Michalis A, Tzelepis GE (2001) Functional status and quality of life in long-term survivors of cardiac arrest after cardiac surgery. Crit Care Med 29:1408–1411PubMed
403.
Zurück zum Zitat Kempen PM, Allgood R (1999) Right ventricular rupture during closed-chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation after pneumonectomy with pericardiotomy: a case report. Crit Care Med 27:1378–1379PubMed Kempen PM, Allgood R (1999) Right ventricular rupture during closed-chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation after pneumonectomy with pericardiotomy: a case report. Crit Care Med 27:1378–1379PubMed
404.
Zurück zum Zitat Bohrer H, Gust R, Bottiger BW (1995) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation after cardiac surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 9:352PubMed Bohrer H, Gust R, Bottiger BW (1995) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation after cardiac surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 9:352PubMed
405.
Zurück zum Zitat Klintschar M, Darok M, Radner H (1998) Massive injury to the heart after attempted active compression-decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Int J Legal Med 111:93–96PubMed Klintschar M, Darok M, Radner H (1998) Massive injury to the heart after attempted active compression-decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Int J Legal Med 111:93–96PubMed
406.
Zurück zum Zitat Fosse E, Lindberg H (1996) Left ventricular rupture following external chest compression. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 40:502–504PubMed Fosse E, Lindberg H (1996) Left ventricular rupture following external chest compression. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 40:502–504PubMed
407.
Zurück zum Zitat Dunning J, Nandi J, Ariffin S et al (2006) The Cardiac Surgery Advanced Life Support Course (CALS): delivering significant improvements in emergency cardiothoracic care. Ann Thorac Surg 81:1767–1772PubMed Dunning J, Nandi J, Ariffin S et al (2006) The Cardiac Surgery Advanced Life Support Course (CALS): delivering significant improvements in emergency cardiothoracic care. Ann Thorac Surg 81:1767–1772PubMed
408.
Zurück zum Zitat Dunning J, Fabbri A, Kolh PH et al (2009) Guideline for resuscitation in cardiac arrest after cardiac surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 36:3–28PubMed Dunning J, Fabbri A, Kolh PH et al (2009) Guideline for resuscitation in cardiac arrest after cardiac surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 36:3–28PubMed
409.
Zurück zum Zitat Raman J, Saldanha RF, Branch JM et al (1989) Open cardiac compression in the postoperative cardiac intensive care unit. Anaesth Intensive Care 17:129–135PubMed Raman J, Saldanha RF, Branch JM et al (1989) Open cardiac compression in the postoperative cardiac intensive care unit. Anaesth Intensive Care 17:129–135PubMed
410.
Zurück zum Zitat Rousou JA, Engelman RM, Flack JE 3rd et al (1994) Emergency cardiopulmonary bypass in the cardiac surgical unit can be a lifesaving measure in postoperative cardiac arrest. Circulation 90:II280–II284PubMed Rousou JA, Engelman RM, Flack JE 3rd et al (1994) Emergency cardiopulmonary bypass in the cardiac surgical unit can be a lifesaving measure in postoperative cardiac arrest. Circulation 90:II280–II284PubMed
411.
Zurück zum Zitat Parra DA, Totapally BR, Zahn E et al (2000) Outcome of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a pediatric cardiac intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 28:3296–3300PubMed Parra DA, Totapally BR, Zahn E et al (2000) Outcome of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a pediatric cardiac intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 28:3296–3300PubMed
412.
Zurück zum Zitat Schwarz B, Bowdle TA, Jett GK et al (2003) Biphasic shocks compared with monophasic damped sine wave shocks for direct ventricular defibrillation during open heart surgery. Anesthesiology 98:1063–1069PubMed Schwarz B, Bowdle TA, Jett GK et al (2003) Biphasic shocks compared with monophasic damped sine wave shocks for direct ventricular defibrillation during open heart surgery. Anesthesiology 98:1063–1069PubMed
413.
Zurück zum Zitat Li Y, Wang H, Cho JH et al (2010) Defibrillation delivered during the upstroke phase of manual chest compression improves shock success. Crit Care Med 38:910–915PubMed Li Y, Wang H, Cho JH et al (2010) Defibrillation delivered during the upstroke phase of manual chest compression improves shock success. Crit Care Med 38:910–915PubMed
414.
Zurück zum Zitat Li Y, Yu T, Ristagno G et al (2010) The optimal phasic relationship between synchronized shock and mechanical chest compressions. Resuscitation 81:724–729PubMed Li Y, Yu T, Ristagno G et al (2010) The optimal phasic relationship between synchronized shock and mechanical chest compressions. Resuscitation 81:724–729PubMed
415.
Zurück zum Zitat Knaggs AL, Delis KT, Spearpoint KG, Zideman DA (2002) Automated external defibrillation in cardiac surgery. Resuscitation 55:341–345PubMed Knaggs AL, Delis KT, Spearpoint KG, Zideman DA (2002) Automated external defibrillation in cardiac surgery. Resuscitation 55:341–345PubMed
416.
Zurück zum Zitat Rosemurgy AS, Norris PA, Olson SM et al (1993) Prehospital traumatic cardiac arrest: the cost of futility. J Trauma 35:468–473PubMed Rosemurgy AS, Norris PA, Olson SM et al (1993) Prehospital traumatic cardiac arrest: the cost of futility. J Trauma 35:468–473PubMed
417.
Zurück zum Zitat Shimazu S, Shatney CH (1983) Outcomes of trauma patients with no vital signs on hospital admission. J Trauma 23:213–216PubMed Shimazu S, Shatney CH (1983) Outcomes of trauma patients with no vital signs on hospital admission. J Trauma 23:213–216PubMed
418.
Zurück zum Zitat Battistella FD, Nugent W, Owings JT, Anderson JT (1999) Field triage of the pulseless trauma patient. Arch Surg 134:742–745PubMed Battistella FD, Nugent W, Owings JT, Anderson JT (1999) Field triage of the pulseless trauma patient. Arch Surg 134:742–745PubMed
419.
Zurück zum Zitat Stockinger ZT, McSwain NE Jr (2004) Additional evidence in support of withholding or terminating cardiopulmonary resuscitation for trauma patients in the field. J Am Coll Surg 198:227–231PubMed Stockinger ZT, McSwain NE Jr (2004) Additional evidence in support of withholding or terminating cardiopulmonary resuscitation for trauma patients in the field. J Am Coll Surg 198:227–231PubMed
420.
Zurück zum Zitat Fulton RL, Voigt WJ, Hilakos AS (1995) Confusion surrounding the treatment of traumatic cardiac arrest. J Am Coll Surg 181:209–214PubMed Fulton RL, Voigt WJ, Hilakos AS (1995) Confusion surrounding the treatment of traumatic cardiac arrest. J Am Coll Surg 181:209–214PubMed
421.
Zurück zum Zitat Pasquale MD, Rhodes M, Cipolle MD et al (1996) Defining „dead on arrival“: impact on a level I trauma center. J Trauma 41:726–730PubMed Pasquale MD, Rhodes M, Cipolle MD et al (1996) Defining „dead on arrival“: impact on a level I trauma center. J Trauma 41:726–730PubMed
422.
Zurück zum Zitat Stratton SJ, Brickett K, Crammer T (1998) Prehospital pulseless, unconscious penetrating trauma victims: field assessments associated with survival. J Trauma 45:96–100PubMed Stratton SJ, Brickett K, Crammer T (1998) Prehospital pulseless, unconscious penetrating trauma victims: field assessments associated with survival. J Trauma 45:96–100PubMed
423.
Zurück zum Zitat Maron BJ, Estes NA 3rd (2010) Commotio cordis. N Engl J Med 362:917–927PubMed Maron BJ, Estes NA 3rd (2010) Commotio cordis. N Engl J Med 362:917–927PubMed
424.
Zurück zum Zitat Maron BJ, Gohman TE, Kyle SB et al (2002) Clinical profile and spectrum of commotio cordis. JAMA 287:1142–1146PubMed Maron BJ, Gohman TE, Kyle SB et al (2002) Clinical profile and spectrum of commotio cordis. JAMA 287:1142–1146PubMed
425.
Zurück zum Zitat Maron BJ, Estes NA 3rd, Link MS (2005) Task Force 11: commotio cordis. J Am Coll Cardiol 45:1371–1373PubMed Maron BJ, Estes NA 3rd, Link MS (2005) Task Force 11: commotio cordis. J Am Coll Cardiol 45:1371–1373PubMed
426.
Zurück zum Zitat Nesbitt AD, Cooper PJ, Kohl P (2001) Rediscovering commotio cordis. Lancet 357:1195–1197PubMed Nesbitt AD, Cooper PJ, Kohl P (2001) Rediscovering commotio cordis. Lancet 357:1195–1197PubMed
427.
Zurück zum Zitat Link MS, Estes M, Maron BJ (2005) Sudden death caused by chest wall trauma (commotion cordis). In: Kohl P, Sachs F, Franz MR (Hrsg) Cardiac Mechano-Electric Feedback and Arrhythmias: From Pipette to Patient. Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia, S 270–276 Link MS, Estes M, Maron BJ (2005) Sudden death caused by chest wall trauma (commotion cordis). In: Kohl P, Sachs F, Franz MR (Hrsg) Cardiac Mechano-Electric Feedback and Arrhythmias: From Pipette to Patient. Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia, S 270–276
428.
Zurück zum Zitat Maron BJ, Doerer JJ, Haas TS et al (2009) Sudden deaths in young competitive athletes: analysis of 1866 deaths in the United States, 1980–2006. Circulation 119:1085–1092PubMed Maron BJ, Doerer JJ, Haas TS et al (2009) Sudden deaths in young competitive athletes: analysis of 1866 deaths in the United States, 1980–2006. Circulation 119:1085–1092PubMed
429.
Zurück zum Zitat Bouillon B, Walther T, Kramer M, Neugebauer E (1994) Trauma and circulatory arrest: 224 preclinical resuscitations in Cologne in 1987–1990 [in German]. Anaesthesist 43:786–790PubMed Bouillon B, Walther T, Kramer M, Neugebauer E (1994) Trauma and circulatory arrest: 224 preclinical resuscitations in Cologne in 1987–1990 [in German]. Anaesthesist 43:786–790PubMed
430.
Zurück zum Zitat Fisher B, Worthen M (1999) Cardiac arrest induced by blunt trauma in children. Pediatr Emerg Care 15:274–276PubMed Fisher B, Worthen M (1999) Cardiac arrest induced by blunt trauma in children. Pediatr Emerg Care 15:274–276PubMed
431.
Zurück zum Zitat Hazinski MF, Chahine AA, Holcomb GW 3rd, Morris JA Jr (1994) Outcome of cardiovascular collapse in pediatric blunt trauma. Ann Emerg Med 23:1229–1235PubMed Hazinski MF, Chahine AA, Holcomb GW 3rd, Morris JA Jr (1994) Outcome of cardiovascular collapse in pediatric blunt trauma. Ann Emerg Med 23:1229–1235PubMed
432.
Zurück zum Zitat Calkins CM, Bensard DD, Partrick DA, Karrer FM (2002) A critical analysis of outcome for children sustaining cardiac arrest after blunt trauma. J Pediatr Surg 37:180–184PubMed Calkins CM, Bensard DD, Partrick DA, Karrer FM (2002) A critical analysis of outcome for children sustaining cardiac arrest after blunt trauma. J Pediatr Surg 37:180–184PubMed
433.
Zurück zum Zitat Yanagawa Y, Saitoh D, Takasu A et al (2004) Experience of treatment for blunt traumatic out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest patients over 24 years: head injury v.s. non-head injury. No Shinkei Geka 32:231–235PubMed Yanagawa Y, Saitoh D, Takasu A et al (2004) Experience of treatment for blunt traumatic out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest patients over 24 years: head injury v.s. non-head injury. No Shinkei Geka 32:231–235PubMed
434.
Zurück zum Zitat Pickens JJ, Copass MK, Bulger EM (2005) Trauma patients receiving CPR: predictors of survival. J Trauma 58:951–958PubMed Pickens JJ, Copass MK, Bulger EM (2005) Trauma patients receiving CPR: predictors of survival. J Trauma 58:951–958PubMed
435.
Zurück zum Zitat Di Bartolomeo S, Sanson G, Nardi G et al (2005) HEMS vs. Ground-BLS care in traumatic cardiac arrest. Prehosp Emerg Care 9:79–84 Di Bartolomeo S, Sanson G, Nardi G et al (2005) HEMS vs. Ground-BLS care in traumatic cardiac arrest. Prehosp Emerg Care 9:79–84
436.
Zurück zum Zitat Willis CD, Cameron PA, Bernard SA, Fitzgerald M (2006) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation after traumatic cardiac arrest is not always futile. Injury 37:448–454PubMed Willis CD, Cameron PA, Bernard SA, Fitzgerald M (2006) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation after traumatic cardiac arrest is not always futile. Injury 37:448–454PubMed
437.
Zurück zum Zitat David JS, Gueugniaud PY, Riou B et al (2007) Does the prognosis of cardiac arrest differ in trauma patients? Crit Care Med 35:2251–2255PubMed David JS, Gueugniaud PY, Riou B et al (2007) Does the prognosis of cardiac arrest differ in trauma patients? Crit Care Med 35:2251–2255PubMed
438.
Zurück zum Zitat Crewdson K, Lockey D, Davies G (2007) Outcome from paediatric cardiac arrest associated with trauma. Resuscitation 75:29–34PubMed Crewdson K, Lockey D, Davies G (2007) Outcome from paediatric cardiac arrest associated with trauma. Resuscitation 75:29–34PubMed
439.
Zurück zum Zitat Huber-Wagner S, Lefering R, Qvick M et al (2007) Outcome in 757 severely injured patients with traumatic cardiorespiratory arrest. Resuscitation 75:276–285PubMed Huber-Wagner S, Lefering R, Qvick M et al (2007) Outcome in 757 severely injured patients with traumatic cardiorespiratory arrest. Resuscitation 75:276–285PubMed
440.
Zurück zum Zitat Lockey D, Crewdson K, Davies G (2006) Traumatic cardiac arrest: who are the survivors? Ann Emerg Med 48:240–244PubMed Lockey D, Crewdson K, Davies G (2006) Traumatic cardiac arrest: who are the survivors? Ann Emerg Med 48:240–244PubMed
441.
Zurück zum Zitat Cera SM, Mostafa G, Sing RF et al (2003) Physiologic predictors of survival in post-traumatic arrest. Am Surg 69:140–144PubMed Cera SM, Mostafa G, Sing RF et al (2003) Physiologic predictors of survival in post-traumatic arrest. Am Surg 69:140–144PubMed
442.
Zurück zum Zitat Esposito TJ, Jurkovich GJ, Rice CL et al (1991) Reappraisal of emergency room thoracotomy in a changing environment. J Trauma 31:881–885; discussion 5–7PubMed Esposito TJ, Jurkovich GJ, Rice CL et al (1991) Reappraisal of emergency room thoracotomy in a changing environment. J Trauma 31:881–885; discussion 5–7PubMed
443.
Zurück zum Zitat Martin SK, Shatney CH, Sherck JP et al (2002) Blunt trauma patients with prehospital pulseless electrical activity (PEA): poor ending assured. J Trauma 53:876–880; discussion 80–81PubMed Martin SK, Shatney CH, Sherck JP et al (2002) Blunt trauma patients with prehospital pulseless electrical activity (PEA): poor ending assured. J Trauma 53:876–880; discussion 80–81PubMed
444.
Zurück zum Zitat Domeier RM, McSwain NE Jr, Hopson LR et al (2003) Guidelines for withholding or termination of resuscitation in prehospital traumatic cardiopulmonary arrest. J Am Coll Surg 196:475–481PubMed Domeier RM, McSwain NE Jr, Hopson LR et al (2003) Guidelines for withholding or termination of resuscitation in prehospital traumatic cardiopulmonary arrest. J Am Coll Surg 196:475–481PubMed
445.
Zurück zum Zitat Gervin AS, Fischer RP (1982) The importance of prompt transport of salvage of patients with penetrating heart wounds. J Trauma 22:443–448PubMed Gervin AS, Fischer RP (1982) The importance of prompt transport of salvage of patients with penetrating heart wounds. J Trauma 22:443–448PubMed
446.
Zurück zum Zitat Branney SW, Moore EE, Feldhaus KM, Wolfe RE (1998) Critical analysis of two decades of experience with postinjury emergency department thoracotomy in a regional trauma center. J Trauma 45:87–94; discussion –5PubMed Branney SW, Moore EE, Feldhaus KM, Wolfe RE (1998) Critical analysis of two decades of experience with postinjury emergency department thoracotomy in a regional trauma center. J Trauma 45:87–94; discussion –5PubMed
447.
Zurück zum Zitat Durham LA III, Richardson RJ, Wall MJ Jr et al (1992) Emergency center thoracotomy: impact of prehospital resuscitation. J Trauma 32:775–779PubMed Durham LA III, Richardson RJ, Wall MJ Jr et al (1992) Emergency center thoracotomy: impact of prehospital resuscitation. J Trauma 32:775–779PubMed
448.
Zurück zum Zitat Frezza EE, Mezghebe H (1999) Is 30 minutes the golden period to perform emergency room thoratomy (ERT) in penetrating chest injuries? J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 40:147–151 Frezza EE, Mezghebe H (1999) Is 30 minutes the golden period to perform emergency room thoratomy (ERT) in penetrating chest injuries? J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 40:147–151
449.
Zurück zum Zitat Powell DW, Moore EE, Cothren CC et al (2004) Is emergency department resuscitative thoracotomy futile care for the critically injured patient requiring prehospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation? J Am Coll Surg 199:211–215PubMed Powell DW, Moore EE, Cothren CC et al (2004) Is emergency department resuscitative thoracotomy futile care for the critically injured patient requiring prehospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation? J Am Coll Surg 199:211–215PubMed
450.
Zurück zum Zitat Coats TJ, Keogh S, Clark H, Neal M (2001) Prehospital resuscitative thoracotomy for cardiac arrest after penetrating trauma: rationale and case series. J Trauma 50:670–673PubMed Coats TJ, Keogh S, Clark H, Neal M (2001) Prehospital resuscitative thoracotomy for cardiac arrest after penetrating trauma: rationale and case series. J Trauma 50:670–673PubMed
451.
Zurück zum Zitat Wise D, Davies G, Coats T et al (2005) Emergency thoracotomy: „how to do it“. Emerg Med J 22:22–24PubMed Wise D, Davies G, Coats T et al (2005) Emergency thoracotomy: „how to do it“. Emerg Med J 22:22–24PubMed
452.
Zurück zum Zitat Kwan I, Bunn F, Roberts I (2001) Spinal immobilisation for trauma patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev:CD002803 Kwan I, Bunn F, Roberts I (2001) Spinal immobilisation for trauma patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev:CD002803
453.
Zurück zum Zitat Davies G, Lockey D (2007) Establishing the radical intervention of pre-hospital thoracotomy as a part of normal physician pre-hospital practice. 2007; 15: 106. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 15:106 Davies G, Lockey D (2007) Establishing the radical intervention of pre-hospital thoracotomy as a part of normal physician pre-hospital practice. 2007; 15: 106. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 15:106
454.
Zurück zum Zitat Matsumoto H, Mashiko K, Hara Y et al (2009) Role of resuscitative emergency field thoracotomy in the Japanese helicopter emergency medical service system. Resuscitation 80:1270–1274PubMed Matsumoto H, Mashiko K, Hara Y et al (2009) Role of resuscitative emergency field thoracotomy in the Japanese helicopter emergency medical service system. Resuscitation 80:1270–1274PubMed
455.
Zurück zum Zitat Voiglio EJ, Coats TJ, Baudoin YP et al (2003) Resuscitative transverse thoracotomy. Ann Chir 128:728–733PubMed Voiglio EJ, Coats TJ, Baudoin YP et al (2003) Resuscitative transverse thoracotomy. Ann Chir 128:728–733PubMed
456.
Zurück zum Zitat (o A) (2001) Practice management guidelines for emergency department thoracotomy. Working Group, Ad Hoc Subcommittee on Outcomes, American College of Surgeons-Committee on Trauma. J Am Coll Surg 193:303–309 (o A) (2001) Practice management guidelines for emergency department thoracotomy. Working Group, Ad Hoc Subcommittee on Outcomes, American College of Surgeons-Committee on Trauma. J Am Coll Surg 193:303–309
457.
Zurück zum Zitat Fialka C, Sebok C, Kemetzhofer P et al (2004) Open-chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation after cardiac arrest in cases of blunt chest or abdominal trauma: a consecutive series of 38 cases. J Trauma 57:809–814PubMed Fialka C, Sebok C, Kemetzhofer P et al (2004) Open-chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation after cardiac arrest in cases of blunt chest or abdominal trauma: a consecutive series of 38 cases. J Trauma 57:809–814PubMed
458.
Zurück zum Zitat Jones JH, Murphy MP, Dickson RL et al (2004) Emergency physician-verified out-of-hospital intubation: miss rates by paramedics. Acad Emerg Med 11:707–709PubMed Jones JH, Murphy MP, Dickson RL et al (2004) Emergency physician-verified out-of-hospital intubation: miss rates by paramedics. Acad Emerg Med 11:707–709PubMed
459.
Zurück zum Zitat Jemmett ME, Kendal KM, Fourre MW, Burton JH (2003) Unrecognized misplacement of endotracheal tubes in a mixed urban to rural emergency medical services setting. Acad Emerg Med 10:961–965PubMed Jemmett ME, Kendal KM, Fourre MW, Burton JH (2003) Unrecognized misplacement of endotracheal tubes in a mixed urban to rural emergency medical services setting. Acad Emerg Med 10:961–965PubMed
460.
Zurück zum Zitat Katz SH, Falk JL (2001) Misplaced endotracheal tubes by paramedics in an urban emergency medical services system. Ann Emerg Med 37:32–37PubMed Katz SH, Falk JL (2001) Misplaced endotracheal tubes by paramedics in an urban emergency medical services system. Ann Emerg Med 37:32–37PubMed
461.
Zurück zum Zitat Deakin CD, Peters R, Tomlinson P, Cassidy M (2005) Securing the prehospital airway: a comparison of laryngeal mask insertion and endotracheal intubation by UK paramedics. Emerg Med J 22:64–67PubMed Deakin CD, Peters R, Tomlinson P, Cassidy M (2005) Securing the prehospital airway: a comparison of laryngeal mask insertion and endotracheal intubation by UK paramedics. Emerg Med J 22:64–67PubMed
462.
Zurück zum Zitat Cobas MA, De la Pena MA, Manning R et al (2009) Prehospital intubations and mortality: a level 1 trauma center perspective. Anesth Analg 109:489–493PubMed Cobas MA, De la Pena MA, Manning R et al (2009) Prehospital intubations and mortality: a level 1 trauma center perspective. Anesth Analg 109:489–493PubMed
463.
Zurück zum Zitat Pepe PE, Roppolo LP, Fowler RL (2005) The detrimental effects of ventilation during lowblood- flow states. Curr Opin Crit Care 11:212–218PubMed Pepe PE, Roppolo LP, Fowler RL (2005) The detrimental effects of ventilation during lowblood- flow states. Curr Opin Crit Care 11:212–218PubMed
464.
Zurück zum Zitat Deakin CD, Davies G, Wilson A (1995) Simple thoracostomy avoids chest drain insertion in prehospital trauma. J Trauma 39:373–374PubMed Deakin CD, Davies G, Wilson A (1995) Simple thoracostomy avoids chest drain insertion in prehospital trauma. J Trauma 39:373–374PubMed
465.
Zurück zum Zitat Luna GK, Pavlin EG, Kirkman T et al (1989) Hemodynamic effects of external cardiac massage in trauma shock. J Trauma 29:1430–1433PubMed Luna GK, Pavlin EG, Kirkman T et al (1989) Hemodynamic effects of external cardiac massage in trauma shock. J Trauma 29:1430–1433PubMed
466.
Zurück zum Zitat Kragh JF Jr, Walters TJ, Baer DG et al (2009) Survival with emergency tourniquet use to stop bleeding in major limb trauma. Ann Surg 249:1–7PubMed Kragh JF Jr, Walters TJ, Baer DG et al (2009) Survival with emergency tourniquet use to stop bleeding in major limb trauma. Ann Surg 249:1–7PubMed
467.
Zurück zum Zitat Gao JM, Gao YH, Wei GB et al (2004) Penetrating cardiac wounds: principles for surgical management. World J Surg 28:1025–1029PubMed Gao JM, Gao YH, Wei GB et al (2004) Penetrating cardiac wounds: principles for surgical management. World J Surg 28:1025–1029PubMed
468.
Zurück zum Zitat Kwan I, Bunn F, Roberts I (2003) Timing and volume of fluid administration for patients with bleeding. Cochrane Database Syst Rev:CD002245 Kwan I, Bunn F, Roberts I (2003) Timing and volume of fluid administration for patients with bleeding. Cochrane Database Syst Rev:CD002245
469.
Zurück zum Zitat Spinella PC, Holcomb JB (2009) Resuscitation and transfusion principles for traumatic hemorrhagic shock. Blood Rev 23:231–240PubMed Spinella PC, Holcomb JB (2009) Resuscitation and transfusion principles for traumatic hemorrhagic shock. Blood Rev 23:231–240PubMed
470.
Zurück zum Zitat Pepe PE, Mosesso VNJ, Falk JL (2002) Prehospital fluid resuscitation of the patient with major trauma. Prehosp Emerg Care 6:81–91PubMed Pepe PE, Mosesso VNJ, Falk JL (2002) Prehospital fluid resuscitation of the patient with major trauma. Prehosp Emerg Care 6:81–91PubMed
471.
Zurück zum Zitat Bickell WH, Wall MJ Jr, Pepe PE et al (1994) Immediate versus delayed fluid resuscitation for hypotensive patients with penetrating torso injuries. N Engl J Med 331:1105–1109PubMed Bickell WH, Wall MJ Jr, Pepe PE et al (1994) Immediate versus delayed fluid resuscitation for hypotensive patients with penetrating torso injuries. N Engl J Med 331:1105–1109PubMed
472.
Zurück zum Zitat National Institute for Clinical Excellence (2004) Pre-hospital initiation of fluid replacement therapy for trauma. National Institute for Clinical Excellence, London National Institute for Clinical Excellence (2004) Pre-hospital initiation of fluid replacement therapy for trauma. National Institute for Clinical Excellence, London
473.
Zurück zum Zitat Sumida MP, Quinn K, Lewis PL et al (2000) Prehospital blood transfusion versus crystalloid alone in the air medical transport of trauma patients. Air Med J 19:140–143PubMed Sumida MP, Quinn K, Lewis PL et al (2000) Prehospital blood transfusion versus crystalloid alone in the air medical transport of trauma patients. Air Med J 19:140–143PubMed
474.
Zurück zum Zitat Barkana Y, Stein M, Maor R et al (1999) Prehospital blood transfusion in prolonged evacuation. J Trauma 46:176–180PubMed Barkana Y, Stein M, Maor R et al (1999) Prehospital blood transfusion in prolonged evacuation. J Trauma 46:176–180PubMed
475.
Zurück zum Zitat Walcher F, Kortum S, Kirschning T et al (2002) Optimized management of polytraumatized patients by prehospital ultrasound. Unfallchirurg 105:986–994PubMed Walcher F, Kortum S, Kirschning T et al (2002) Optimized management of polytraumatized patients by prehospital ultrasound. Unfallchirurg 105:986–994PubMed
476.
Zurück zum Zitat Kirschning T, Brenner F, Stier M et al (2009) Pre-hospital emergency sonography of trauma patients. Anaesthesist 58:51–60PubMed Kirschning T, Brenner F, Stier M et al (2009) Pre-hospital emergency sonography of trauma patients. Anaesthesist 58:51–60PubMed
477.
Zurück zum Zitat Krismer AC, Wenzel V, Voelckel WG et al (2005) Employing vasopressin as an adjunct vasopressor in uncontrolled traumatic hemorrhagic shock. Three cases and a brief analysis of the literature. Anaesthesist 54:220–224PubMed Krismer AC, Wenzel V, Voelckel WG et al (2005) Employing vasopressin as an adjunct vasopressor in uncontrolled traumatic hemorrhagic shock. Three cases and a brief analysis of the literature. Anaesthesist 54:220–224PubMed
478.
Zurück zum Zitat (o A) (2004) Department of health, welsh office, scottish office department of health, department of health and social services, Northern Ireland. Why mothers die. Report on confidential enquiries into maternal deaths in the United Kingdom, 2000–2002. The Stationery Office, London (o A) (2004) Department of health, welsh office, scottish office department of health, department of health and social services, Northern Ireland. Why mothers die. Report on confidential enquiries into maternal deaths in the United Kingdom, 2000–2002. The Stationery Office, London
479.
Zurück zum Zitat Hogan MC, Foreman KJ, Naghavi M et al (2010) Maternal mortality for 181 countries, 1980–2008: a systematic analysis of progress towards Millennium Development Goal 5. Lancet 375:1609–1623PubMed Hogan MC, Foreman KJ, Naghavi M et al (2010) Maternal mortality for 181 countries, 1980–2008: a systematic analysis of progress towards Millennium Development Goal 5. Lancet 375:1609–1623PubMed
480.
Zurück zum Zitat Lewis G (2007) The Confidential Enquiry into Maternal and Child Health (CEMACH). Saving Mothers‟ Lives: Reviewing maternal deaths to make motherhood safer – 2003–2005. The Seventh Report of the Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom. CEMACH, London Lewis G (2007) The Confidential Enquiry into Maternal and Child Health (CEMACH). Saving Mothers‟ Lives: Reviewing maternal deaths to make motherhood safer – 2003–2005. The Seventh Report of the Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom. CEMACH, London
481.
Zurück zum Zitat Page-Rodriguez A, Gonzalez-Sanchez JA (1999) Perimortem cesarean section of twin pregnancy: case report and review of the literature. Acad Emerg Med 6:1072–1074PubMed Page-Rodriguez A, Gonzalez-Sanchez JA (1999) Perimortem cesarean section of twin pregnancy: case report and review of the literature. Acad Emerg Med 6:1072–1074PubMed
482.
Zurück zum Zitat Cardosi RJ, Porter KB (1998) Cesarean delivery of twins during maternal cardiopulmonary arrest. Obstet Gynecol 92:695–697PubMed Cardosi RJ, Porter KB (1998) Cesarean delivery of twins during maternal cardiopulmonary arrest. Obstet Gynecol 92:695–697PubMed
483.
Zurück zum Zitat Mendonca C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis RE (2003) Hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for Caesarean section. Left lateral position vs. tilted supine position. Anaesthesia 58:428–431PubMed Mendonca C, Griffiths J, Ateleanu B, Collis RE (2003) Hypotension following combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for Caesarean section. Left lateral position vs. tilted supine position. Anaesthesia 58:428–431PubMed
484.
Zurück zum Zitat Rees SG, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC et al (2002) Maternal cardiovascular consequences of positioning after spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section: left 15 degree table tilt vs. left lateral. Anaesthesia 57:15–20PubMed Rees SG, Thurlow JA, Gardner IC et al (2002) Maternal cardiovascular consequences of positioning after spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section: left 15 degree table tilt vs. left lateral. Anaesthesia 57:15–20PubMed
485.
Zurück zum Zitat Bamber JH, Dresner M (2003) Aortocaval compression in pregnancy: the effect of changing the degree and direction of lateral tilt on maternal cardiac output. Anesth Analg 97:256–258, table of contentsPubMed Bamber JH, Dresner M (2003) Aortocaval compression in pregnancy: the effect of changing the degree and direction of lateral tilt on maternal cardiac output. Anesth Analg 97:256–258, table of contentsPubMed
486.
Zurück zum Zitat Carbonne B, Benachi A, Leveque ML et al (1996) Maternal position during labor: effects on fetal oxygen saturation measured by pulse oximetry. Obstet Gynecol 88:797–800PubMed Carbonne B, Benachi A, Leveque ML et al (1996) Maternal position during labor: effects on fetal oxygen saturation measured by pulse oximetry. Obstet Gynecol 88:797–800PubMed
487.
Zurück zum Zitat Tamas P, Szilagyi A, Jeges S et al (2007) Effects of maternal central hemodynamics on fetal heart rate patterns. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 86:711–714PubMed Tamas P, Szilagyi A, Jeges S et al (2007) Effects of maternal central hemodynamics on fetal heart rate patterns. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 86:711–714PubMed
488.
Zurück zum Zitat Abitbol MM (1985) Supine position in labor and associated fetal heart rate changes. Obstet Gynecol 65:481–486PubMed Abitbol MM (1985) Supine position in labor and associated fetal heart rate changes. Obstet Gynecol 65:481–486PubMed
489.
Zurück zum Zitat Ellington C, Katz VL, Watson WJ, Spielman FJ (1991) The effect of lateral tilt on maternal and fetal hemodynamic variables. Obstet Gynecol 77:201–203PubMed Ellington C, Katz VL, Watson WJ, Spielman FJ (1991) The effect of lateral tilt on maternal and fetal hemodynamic variables. Obstet Gynecol 77:201–203PubMed
490.
Zurück zum Zitat Matorras R, Tacuri C, Nieto A et al (1998) Lack of benefits of left tilt in emergent cesarean sections: a randomized study of cardiotocography, cord acid-base status and other parameters of the mother and the fetus. J Perinat Med 26:284–292PubMed Matorras R, Tacuri C, Nieto A et al (1998) Lack of benefits of left tilt in emergent cesarean sections: a randomized study of cardiotocography, cord acid-base status and other parameters of the mother and the fetus. J Perinat Med 26:284–292PubMed
491.
Zurück zum Zitat Kinsella SM, Whitwam JG, Spencer JA (1990) Aortic compression by the uterus: identification with the Finapres digital arterial pressure instrument. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 97:700–705PubMed Kinsella SM, Whitwam JG, Spencer JA (1990) Aortic compression by the uterus: identification with the Finapres digital arterial pressure instrument. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 97:700–705PubMed
492.
Zurück zum Zitat Kundra P, Khanna S, Habeebullah S, Ravishankar M (2007) Manual displacement of the uterus during Caesarean section. Anaesthesia 62:460–465PubMed Kundra P, Khanna S, Habeebullah S, Ravishankar M (2007) Manual displacement of the uterus during Caesarean section. Anaesthesia 62:460–465PubMed
493.
Zurück zum Zitat Amaro A, Capelli E, Cardoso M et al (1998) Manual left uterine displacement or modified Crawford‟s edge. A comparative study in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Rev Bras Anestesiol 48:99–104 Amaro A, Capelli E, Cardoso M et al (1998) Manual left uterine displacement or modified Crawford‟s edge. A comparative study in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Rev Bras Anestesiol 48:99–104
494.
Zurück zum Zitat Kinsella SM (2003) Lateral tilt for pregnant women: why 15 degrees? Anaesthesia 58:835–836PubMed Kinsella SM (2003) Lateral tilt for pregnant women: why 15 degrees? Anaesthesia 58:835–836PubMed
495.
Zurück zum Zitat Goodwin AP, Pearce AJ (1992) The human wedge. A manoeuvre to relieve aortocaval compression during resuscitation in late pregnancy. Anaesthesia 47:433–434PubMed Goodwin AP, Pearce AJ (1992) The human wedge. A manoeuvre to relieve aortocaval compression during resuscitation in late pregnancy. Anaesthesia 47:433–434PubMed
496.
Zurück zum Zitat Rees GA, Willis BA (1988) Resuscitation in late pregnancy. Anaesthesia 43:347–349PubMed Rees GA, Willis BA (1988) Resuscitation in late pregnancy. Anaesthesia 43:347–349PubMed
497.
Zurück zum Zitat Jones SJ, Kinsella SM, Donald FA (2003) Comparison of measured and estimated angles of table tilt at Caesarean section. Br J Anaesth 90:86–87PubMed Jones SJ, Kinsella SM, Donald FA (2003) Comparison of measured and estimated angles of table tilt at Caesarean section. Br J Anaesth 90:86–87PubMed
498.
Zurück zum Zitat Johnson MD, Luppi CJ, Over DC (1998) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation. In: Gambling DR, Douglas MJ (Hrsg) Obstetric anesthesia and uncommon disorders. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia, S 51–74 Johnson MD, Luppi CJ, Over DC (1998) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation. In: Gambling DR, Douglas MJ (Hrsg) Obstetric anesthesia and uncommon disorders. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia, S 51–74
499.
Zurück zum Zitat Izci B, Vennelle M, Liston WA et al (2006) Sleep-disordered breathing and upper airway size in pregnancy and post-partum. Eur Respir J 27:321–327PubMed Izci B, Vennelle M, Liston WA et al (2006) Sleep-disordered breathing and upper airway size in pregnancy and post-partum. Eur Respir J 27:321–327PubMed
500.
Zurück zum Zitat Rahman K, Jenkins JG (2005) Failed tracheal intubation in obstetrics: no more frequent but still managed badly. Anaesthesia 60:168–171PubMed Rahman K, Jenkins JG (2005) Failed tracheal intubation in obstetrics: no more frequent but still managed badly. Anaesthesia 60:168–171PubMed
501.
Zurück zum Zitat Henderson JJ, Popat MT, Latto IP, Pearce AC (2004) Difficult Airway Society guidelines for management of the unanticipated difficult intubation. Anaesthesia 59:675–694PubMed Henderson JJ, Popat MT, Latto IP, Pearce AC (2004) Difficult Airway Society guidelines for management of the unanticipated difficult intubation. Anaesthesia 59:675–694PubMed
502.
Zurück zum Zitat Nanson J, Elcock D, Williams M, Deakin CD (2001) Do physiological changes in pregnancy change defibrillation energy requirements? Br J Anaesth 87:237–239PubMed Nanson J, Elcock D, Williams M, Deakin CD (2001) Do physiological changes in pregnancy change defibrillation energy requirements? Br J Anaesth 87:237–239PubMed
503.
Zurück zum Zitat Potts M, Prata N, Sahin-Hodoglugil NN (2010) Maternal mortality: one death every 7 min. Lancet 375:1762–1763PubMed Potts M, Prata N, Sahin-Hodoglugil NN (2010) Maternal mortality: one death every 7 min. Lancet 375:1762–1763PubMed
504.
Zurück zum Zitat Geoghegan J, Daniels JP, Moore PA et al (2009) Cell salvage at caesarean section: the need for an evidence-based approach. BJOG 116:743–747PubMed Geoghegan J, Daniels JP, Moore PA et al (2009) Cell salvage at caesarean section: the need for an evidence-based approach. BJOG 116:743–747PubMed
505.
Zurück zum Zitat Bouwmeester FW, Bolte AC, Geijn HP van (2005) Pharmacological and surgical therapy for primary postpartum hemorrhage. Curr Pharm Des 11:759–773PubMed Bouwmeester FW, Bolte AC, Geijn HP van (2005) Pharmacological and surgical therapy for primary postpartum hemorrhage. Curr Pharm Des 11:759–773PubMed
506.
Zurück zum Zitat Hofmeyr GJ, Abdel-Aleem H, Abdel-Aleem MA (2008) Uterine massage for preventing postpartum haemorrhage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev:CD006431 Hofmeyr GJ, Abdel-Aleem H, Abdel-Aleem MA (2008) Uterine massage for preventing postpartum haemorrhage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev:CD006431
507.
Zurück zum Zitat Sekhavat L, Tabatabaii A, Dalili M et al (2009) Efficacy of tranexamic acid in reducing blood loss after cesarean section. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 22:72–75PubMed Sekhavat L, Tabatabaii A, Dalili M et al (2009) Efficacy of tranexamic acid in reducing blood loss after cesarean section. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 22:72–75PubMed
508.
Zurück zum Zitat Phillips LE, McLintock C, Pollock W et al (2009) Recombinant activated factor VII in obstetric hemorrhage: experiences from the Australian and New Zealand Haemostasis Registry. Anesth Analg 109:1908–1915PubMed Phillips LE, McLintock C, Pollock W et al (2009) Recombinant activated factor VII in obstetric hemorrhage: experiences from the Australian and New Zealand Haemostasis Registry. Anesth Analg 109:1908–1915PubMed
509.
Zurück zum Zitat Bomken C, Mathai S, Biss T et al (2009) Recombinant Activated Factor VII (rFVIIa) in the management of major obstetric haemorrhage: A case series and a proposed guideline for use. Obstet Gynecol Int 2009:364843PubMed Bomken C, Mathai S, Biss T et al (2009) Recombinant Activated Factor VII (rFVIIa) in the management of major obstetric haemorrhage: A case series and a proposed guideline for use. Obstet Gynecol Int 2009:364843PubMed
510.
Zurück zum Zitat Doumouchtsis SK, Papageorghiou AT, Vernier C, Arulkumaran S (2008) Management of postpartum hemorrhage by uterine balloon tamponade: prospective evaluation of effectiveness. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 87:849–855PubMed Doumouchtsis SK, Papageorghiou AT, Vernier C, Arulkumaran S (2008) Management of postpartum hemorrhage by uterine balloon tamponade: prospective evaluation of effectiveness. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 87:849–855PubMed
511.
Zurück zum Zitat Georgiou C (2009) Balloon tamponade in the management of postpartum haemorrhage: a review. BJOG 116:748–757PubMed Georgiou C (2009) Balloon tamponade in the management of postpartum haemorrhage: a review. BJOG 116:748–757PubMed
512.
Zurück zum Zitat El-Hamamy E, C BL (2005) A worldwide review of the uses of the uterine compression suture techniques as alternative to hysterectomy in the management of severe post-partum haemorrhage. J Obstet Gynaecol 25:143–149PubMed El-Hamamy E, C BL (2005) A worldwide review of the uses of the uterine compression suture techniques as alternative to hysterectomy in the management of severe post-partum haemorrhage. J Obstet Gynaecol 25:143–149PubMed
513.
Zurück zum Zitat Hong TM, Tseng HS, Lee RC et al (2004) Uterine artery embolization: an effective treatment for intractable obstetric haemorrhage. Clin Radiol 59:96–101PubMed Hong TM, Tseng HS, Lee RC et al (2004) Uterine artery embolization: an effective treatment for intractable obstetric haemorrhage. Clin Radiol 59:96–101PubMed
514.
Zurück zum Zitat Knight M (2007) Peripartum hysterectomy in the UK: management and outcomes of the associated haemorrhage. BJOG 114:1380–1387PubMed Knight M (2007) Peripartum hysterectomy in the UK: management and outcomes of the associated haemorrhage. BJOG 114:1380–1387PubMed
515.
Zurück zum Zitat Rossi AC, Lee RH, Chmait RH (2010) Emergency postpartum hysterectomy for uncontrolled postpartum bleeding: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol 115:637–644PubMed Rossi AC, Lee RH, Chmait RH (2010) Emergency postpartum hysterectomy for uncontrolled postpartum bleeding: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol 115:637–644PubMed
516.
Zurück zum Zitat Yu S, Pennisi JA, Moukhtar M, Friedman EA (1995) Placental abruption in association with advanced abdominal pregnancy. A case report. J Reprod Med 40:731–735PubMed Yu S, Pennisi JA, Moukhtar M, Friedman EA (1995) Placental abruption in association with advanced abdominal pregnancy. A case report. J Reprod Med 40:731–735PubMed
517.
Zurück zum Zitat Ray P, Murphy GJ, Shutt LE (2004) Recognition and management of maternal cardiac disease in pregnancy. Br J Anaesth 93:428–439PubMed Ray P, Murphy GJ, Shutt LE (2004) Recognition and management of maternal cardiac disease in pregnancy. Br J Anaesth 93:428–439PubMed
518.
Zurück zum Zitat Abbas AE, Lester SJ, Connolly H (2005) Pregnancy and the cardiovascular system. Int J Cardiol 98:179–189PubMed Abbas AE, Lester SJ, Connolly H (2005) Pregnancy and the cardiovascular system. Int J Cardiol 98:179–189PubMed
519.
Zurück zum Zitat James AH, Jamison MG, Biswas MS et al (2006) Acute myocardial infarction in pregnancy: a United States population-based study. Circulation 113:1564–1571PubMed James AH, Jamison MG, Biswas MS et al (2006) Acute myocardial infarction in pregnancy: a United States population-based study. Circulation 113:1564–1571PubMed
520.
Zurück zum Zitat Ahearn GS, Hadjiliadis D, Govert JA, Tapson VF (2002) Massive pulmonary embolism during pregnancy successfully treated with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator: a case report and review of treatment options. Arch Intern Med 162:1221–1227PubMed Ahearn GS, Hadjiliadis D, Govert JA, Tapson VF (2002) Massive pulmonary embolism during pregnancy successfully treated with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator: a case report and review of treatment options. Arch Intern Med 162:1221–1227PubMed
521.
Zurück zum Zitat Drenthen W, Pieper PG, Roos-Hesselink JW et al (2007) Outcome of pregnancy in women with congenital heart disease: a literature review. J Am Coll Cardiol 49:2303–2311PubMed Drenthen W, Pieper PG, Roos-Hesselink JW et al (2007) Outcome of pregnancy in women with congenital heart disease: a literature review. J Am Coll Cardiol 49:2303–2311PubMed
522.
Zurück zum Zitat Sibai B, Dekker G, Kupferminc M (2005) Pre-eclampsia. Lancet 365:785–799PubMed Sibai B, Dekker G, Kupferminc M (2005) Pre-eclampsia. Lancet 365:785–799PubMed
523.
Zurück zum Zitat Sibai BM (2005) Diagnosis, prevention, and management of eclampsia. Obstet Gynecol 105:402–410PubMed Sibai BM (2005) Diagnosis, prevention, and management of eclampsia. Obstet Gynecol 105:402–410PubMed
524.
Zurück zum Zitat Duley L, Gulmezoglu AM, Henderson-Smart DJ (2003) Magnesium sulphate and other anticonvulsants for women with pre-eclampsia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev:CD000025 Duley L, Gulmezoglu AM, Henderson-Smart DJ (2003) Magnesium sulphate and other anticonvulsants for women with pre-eclampsia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev:CD000025
525.
Zurück zum Zitat Duley L, Henderson-Smart D (2003) Magnesium sulphate versus phenytoin for eclampsia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev:CD000128 Duley L, Henderson-Smart D (2003) Magnesium sulphate versus phenytoin for eclampsia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev:CD000128
526.
Zurück zum Zitat Duley L, Henderson-Smart D (2003) Magnesium sulphate versus diazepam for eclampsia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev:CD000127 Duley L, Henderson-Smart D (2003) Magnesium sulphate versus diazepam for eclampsia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev:CD000127
527.
Zurück zum Zitat Knight M (2008) Antenatal pulmonary embolism: risk factors, management and outcomes. BJOG 115:453–461PubMed Knight M (2008) Antenatal pulmonary embolism: risk factors, management and outcomes. BJOG 115:453–461PubMed
528.
Zurück zum Zitat Dapprich M, Boessenecker W (2002) Fibrinolysis with alteplase in a pregnant woman with stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 13:290PubMed Dapprich M, Boessenecker W (2002) Fibrinolysis with alteplase in a pregnant woman with stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 13:290PubMed
529.
Zurück zum Zitat Turrentine MA, Braems G, Ramirez MM (1995) Use of thrombolytics for the treatment of thromboembolic disease during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Surv 50:534–541PubMed Turrentine MA, Braems G, Ramirez MM (1995) Use of thrombolytics for the treatment of thromboembolic disease during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Surv 50:534–541PubMed
530.
Zurück zum Zitat Thabut G, Thabut D, Myers RP et al (2002) Thrombolytic therapy of pulmonary embolism: a meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 40:1660–1667PubMed Thabut G, Thabut D, Myers RP et al (2002) Thrombolytic therapy of pulmonary embolism: a meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 40:1660–1667PubMed
531.
Zurück zum Zitat Patel RK, Fasan O, Arya R (2003) Thrombolysis in pregnancy. Thromb Haemost 90:1216–1217PubMed Patel RK, Fasan O, Arya R (2003) Thrombolysis in pregnancy. Thromb Haemost 90:1216–1217PubMed
532.
Zurück zum Zitat Conde-Agudelo A, Romero R (2009) Amniotic fluid embolism: an evidence-based review. Am J Obstet Gynecol 201:445 e1–e13PubMed Conde-Agudelo A, Romero R (2009) Amniotic fluid embolism: an evidence-based review. Am J Obstet Gynecol 201:445 e1–e13PubMed
533.
Zurück zum Zitat Knight M, Tuffnell D, Brocklehurst P et al (2010) Incidence and risk factors for amniotic-fluid embolism. Obstet Gynecol 115:910–917PubMed Knight M, Tuffnell D, Brocklehurst P et al (2010) Incidence and risk factors for amniotic-fluid embolism. Obstet Gynecol 115:910–917PubMed
534.
Zurück zum Zitat Stanten RD, Iverson LI, Daugharty TM et al (2003) Amniotic fluid embolism causing catastrophic pulmonary vasoconstriction: diagnosis by transesophageal echocardiogram and treatment by cardiopulmonary bypass. Obstet Gynecol 102:496–498PubMed Stanten RD, Iverson LI, Daugharty TM et al (2003) Amniotic fluid embolism causing catastrophic pulmonary vasoconstriction: diagnosis by transesophageal echocardiogram and treatment by cardiopulmonary bypass. Obstet Gynecol 102:496–498PubMed
535.
Zurück zum Zitat Katz VL, Dotters DJ, Droegemueller W (1986) Perimortem cesarean delivery. Obstet Gynecol 68:571–576PubMed Katz VL, Dotters DJ, Droegemueller W (1986) Perimortem cesarean delivery. Obstet Gynecol 68:571–576PubMed
536.
Zurück zum Zitat (o A) (2000) American Heart Association in collaboration with International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation. Guidelines 2000 for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation 102(Suppl):I1-I384 (o A) (2000) American Heart Association in collaboration with International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation. Guidelines 2000 for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation 102(Suppl):I1-I384
537.
Zurück zum Zitat Chapter 4; Part 6: Cardiac arrest associated with pregnancy. In: Cummins R, Hazinski M, Field J (Hrsg) ACLS-The reference textbook. Dallas: American Heart Association;2003:143–158 Chapter 4; Part 6: Cardiac arrest associated with pregnancy. In: Cummins R, Hazinski M, Field J (Hrsg) ACLS-The reference textbook. Dallas: American Heart Association;2003:143–158
538.
Zurück zum Zitat Katz V, Balderston K, DeFreest M (2005) Perimortem cesarean delivery: were our assumptions correct? Am J Obstet Gynecol 192:1916–1920; discussion 20–21PubMed Katz V, Balderston K, DeFreest M (2005) Perimortem cesarean delivery: were our assumptions correct? Am J Obstet Gynecol 192:1916–1920; discussion 20–21PubMed
539.
Zurück zum Zitat Oates S, Williams GL, Rees GA (1988) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation in late pregnancy. BMJ 297:404–405PubMed Oates S, Williams GL, Rees GA (1988) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation in late pregnancy. BMJ 297:404–405PubMed
540.
Zurück zum Zitat Strong THJ, Lowe RA (1989) Perimortem cesarean section. Am J Emerg Med 7:489–494PubMed Strong THJ, Lowe RA (1989) Perimortem cesarean section. Am J Emerg Med 7:489–494PubMed
541.
Zurück zum Zitat Boyd R, Teece S (2002) Towards evidence based emergency medicine: best BETs from the Manchester Royal Infirmary. Perimortem caesarean section. Emerg Med J 19:324–325PubMed Boyd R, Teece S (2002) Towards evidence based emergency medicine: best BETs from the Manchester Royal Infirmary. Perimortem caesarean section. Emerg Med J 19:324–325PubMed
542.
Zurück zum Zitat Dijkman A, Huisman CM, Smit M et al (2010) Cardiac arrest in pregnancy: increasing use of perimortem caesarean section due to emergency skills training? BJOG 117:282–287PubMed Dijkman A, Huisman CM, Smit M et al (2010) Cardiac arrest in pregnancy: increasing use of perimortem caesarean section due to emergency skills training? BJOG 117:282–287PubMed
543.
Zurück zum Zitat Allen MC, Donohue PK, Dusman AE (1993) The limit of viability – neonatal outcome of infants born at 22 to 25 weeks‘ gestation. N Engl J Med 329:1597–1601PubMed Allen MC, Donohue PK, Dusman AE (1993) The limit of viability – neonatal outcome of infants born at 22 to 25 weeks‘ gestation. N Engl J Med 329:1597–1601PubMed
544.
Zurück zum Zitat Moore C, Promes SB (2004) Ultrasound in pregnancy. Emerg Med Clin North Am 22:697–722PubMed Moore C, Promes SB (2004) Ultrasound in pregnancy. Emerg Med Clin North Am 22:697–722PubMed
545.
Zurück zum Zitat Natale A, Davidson T, Geiger MJ, Newby K (1997) Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators and pregnancy: a safe combination? Circulation 96:2808–2812PubMed Natale A, Davidson T, Geiger MJ, Newby K (1997) Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators and pregnancy: a safe combination? Circulation 96:2808–2812PubMed
546.
Zurück zum Zitat Siassakos D, Crofts JF, Winter C et al (2009) The active components of effective training in obstetric emergencies. BJOG 116:1028–1032PubMed Siassakos D, Crofts JF, Winter C et al (2009) The active components of effective training in obstetric emergencies. BJOG 116:1028–1032PubMed
547.
Zurück zum Zitat Budnick LD (1984) Bathtub-related electrocutions in the United States, 1979 to 1982. JAMA 252:918–920PubMed Budnick LD (1984) Bathtub-related electrocutions in the United States, 1979 to 1982. JAMA 252:918–920PubMed
548.
Zurück zum Zitat (o A) (1998) Lightning-associated deaths – United States, 1980–1995. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 47:391–394 (o A) (1998) Lightning-associated deaths – United States, 1980–1995. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 47:391–394
549.
Zurück zum Zitat Geddes LA, Bourland JD, Ford G (1986) The mechanism underlying sudden death from electric shock. Med Instrum 20:303–315PubMed Geddes LA, Bourland JD, Ford G (1986) The mechanism underlying sudden death from electric shock. Med Instrum 20:303–315PubMed
550.
Zurück zum Zitat Zafren K, Durrer B, Herry JP, Brugger H (2005) Lightning injuries: prevention and on-site treatment in mountains and remote areas. Official guidelines of the International Commission for Mountain Emergency Medicine and the Medical Commission of the International Mountaineering and Climbing Federation (ICAR and UIAA MEDCOM). Resuscitation 65:369–372PubMed Zafren K, Durrer B, Herry JP, Brugger H (2005) Lightning injuries: prevention and on-site treatment in mountains and remote areas. Official guidelines of the International Commission for Mountain Emergency Medicine and the Medical Commission of the International Mountaineering and Climbing Federation (ICAR and UIAA MEDCOM). Resuscitation 65:369–372PubMed
551.
Zurück zum Zitat Cherington M (1995) Lightning injuries. Ann Emerg Med 25:517–519PubMed Cherington M (1995) Lightning injuries. Ann Emerg Med 25:517–519PubMed
552.
Zurück zum Zitat Fahmy FS, Brinsden MD, Smith J, Frame JD (1999) Lightning: the multisystem group injuries. J Trauma 46:937–940PubMed Fahmy FS, Brinsden MD, Smith J, Frame JD (1999) Lightning: the multisystem group injuries. J Trauma 46:937–940PubMed
553.
Zurück zum Zitat Patten BM (1992) Lightning and electrical injuries. Neurol Clin 10:1047–1058PubMed Patten BM (1992) Lightning and electrical injuries. Neurol Clin 10:1047–1058PubMed
554.
Zurück zum Zitat Browne BJ, Gaasch WR (1992) Electrical injuries and lightning. Emerg Med Clin North Am 10:211–229PubMed Browne BJ, Gaasch WR (1992) Electrical injuries and lightning. Emerg Med Clin North Am 10:211–229PubMed
555.
Zurück zum Zitat Kleiner JP, Wilkin JH (1978) Cardiac effects of lightning stroke. JAMA 240:2757–2759PubMed Kleiner JP, Wilkin JH (1978) Cardiac effects of lightning stroke. JAMA 240:2757–2759PubMed
556.
Zurück zum Zitat Lichtenberg R, Dries D, Ward K et al (1993) Cardiovascular effects of lightning strikes. J Am Coll Cardiol 21:531–536PubMed Lichtenberg R, Dries D, Ward K et al (1993) Cardiovascular effects of lightning strikes. J Am Coll Cardiol 21:531–536PubMed
557.
Zurück zum Zitat Cooper MA (1995) Emergent care of lightning and electrical injuries. Semin Neurol 15:268–278PubMed Cooper MA (1995) Emergent care of lightning and electrical injuries. Semin Neurol 15:268–278PubMed
558.
Zurück zum Zitat Milzman DP, Moskowitz L, Hardel M (1999) Lightning strikes at a mass gathering. South Med J 92:708–710PubMed Milzman DP, Moskowitz L, Hardel M (1999) Lightning strikes at a mass gathering. South Med J 92:708–710PubMed
559.
Zurück zum Zitat Cooper MA (1980) Lightning injuries: prognostic signs for death. Ann Emerg Med 9:134–138PubMed Cooper MA (1980) Lightning injuries: prognostic signs for death. Ann Emerg Med 9:134–138PubMed
560.
Zurück zum Zitat Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK (1995) Neuropathology of lightning-strike injuries. Semin Neurol 15:323–328. 116PubMed Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK (1995) Neuropathology of lightning-strike injuries. Semin Neurol 15:323–328. 116PubMed
561.
Zurück zum Zitat Stewart CE (2000) When lightning strikes. Emerg Med Serv 29:57–67; quiz 103PubMed Stewart CE (2000) When lightning strikes. Emerg Med Serv 29:57–67; quiz 103PubMed
562.
Zurück zum Zitat Duclos PJ, Sanderson LM (1990) An epidemiological description of lightning-related deaths in the United States. Int J Epidemiol 19:673–679PubMed Duclos PJ, Sanderson LM (1990) An epidemiological description of lightning-related deaths in the United States. Int J Epidemiol 19:673–679PubMed
563.
Zurück zum Zitat Epperly TD, Stewart JR (1989) The physical effects of lightning injury. J Fam Pract 29:267–272PubMed Epperly TD, Stewart JR (1989) The physical effects of lightning injury. J Fam Pract 29:267–272PubMed
564.
Zurück zum Zitat Whitcomb D, Martinez JA, Daberkow D (2002) Lightning injuries. South Med J 95:1331–1334PubMed Whitcomb D, Martinez JA, Daberkow D (2002) Lightning injuries. South Med J 95:1331–1334PubMed
565.
Zurück zum Zitat Goldman RD, Einarson A, Koren G (2003) Electric shock during pregnancy. Can Fam Physician 49:297–298PubMed Goldman RD, Einarson A, Koren G (2003) Electric shock during pregnancy. Can Fam Physician 49:297–298PubMed
566.
Zurück zum Zitat Rittenberger JC, Kelly E, Jang D et al. (2008) Successful outcome utilizing hypothermia after cardiac arrest in pregnancy: a case report. Crit Care Med 36: 1354–1356PubMed Rittenberger JC, Kelly E, Jang D et al. (2008) Successful outcome utilizing hypothermia after cardiac arrest in pregnancy: a case report. Crit Care Med 36: 1354–1356PubMed
Metadaten
Titel
Kreislaufstillstand unter besonderen Umständen: Elektrolytstörungen, Vergiftungen, Ertrinken, Unterkühlung, Hitzekrankheit, Asthma, Anaphylaxie, Herzchirurgie, Trauma, Schwangerschaft, Stromunfall
Sektion 8 der Leitlinien zur Reanimation 2010 des European Resuscitation Council
verfasst von
J. Soar
G.D. Perkins
G. Abbas
A. Alfonzo
A. Barelli
J.J.L.M. Bierens
H. Brugger
C.D. Deakin
J. Dunning
M. Georgiou
A.J. Handley
D.J. Lockey
P. Paal
C. Sandroni
K.-C. Thies
D.A. Zideman
J.P. Nolan
Publikationsdatum
01.11.2010
Verlag
Springer-Verlag
Erschienen in
Notfall + Rettungsmedizin / Ausgabe 7/2010
Print ISSN: 1434-6222
Elektronische ISSN: 1436-0578
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10049-010-1374-z

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 7/2010

Notfall +  Rettungsmedizin 7/2010 Zur Ausgabe

Editorial

Foreword