nach oben

Erschienen in:

2017 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

6. Akuttherapie

verfasst von : M. Köhrmann, E. M. Sauer

Erschienen in: Pflegewissen Stroke Unit

Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Zusammenfassung

Ziel der Basistherapie auf der Stroke Unit ist vornehmlich eine allgemeine Stabilisierung der Vitalparameter, der Homöostase sowie die Verhinderung von Komplikationen. Sie schafft damit die Voraussetzung für spezifische Therapien und die frühe Erholung der Patienten. Alle beschriebenen spezifischen Therapiemöglichkeiten zielen auf eine möglichst rasche und vollständige Wiedereröffnung des ursächlichen Gefäßverschlusses ab. Die nicht-invasive Beatmung (NIV) entwickelte sich in den letzten 25 Jahren im Bereich der Intensiv- und Notfallmedizin bei akuter respiratorischer Insuffizienz zu einer sicheren und effektiven Methode. Aktuell gilt die NIV als Therapie der ersten Wahl bei exazerbierter COPD, kardialem Lungenödem, Atemversagen bei immunsupprimierten Patienten und beim Weaning extubierter COPD-Patienten. Die in diesem Kapitel aufgeführten generellen Überlegungen orientieren sich an den Empfehlungen der Europäischen Schlaganfall Organisation (ESO) sowie den Leitlinien der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Neurologie (DGN).

Vorheriges Kapitel Klinische und apparative Diagnostik

Nächstes Kapitel Medikamentöse und operative Sekundärprophylaxe

Adams HP, Jr., del Zoppo G, Alberts MJ et al. (2007) Guidelines for the early management of adults with ischemic stroke: a guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council, Clinical Cardiology Council, Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention Council, and the Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease and Quality of Care Outcomes in Research Interdisciplinary Working Groups: the American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline as an educational tool for neurologists. Stroke 38(5): 1655–1711CrossRefPubMed

Agarwal R, Aggarwal AN, Gupta D (2009) Is noninvasive pressure support ventilation as effective and safe as continuous positive airway pressure in cardiogenic pulmonary oedema? Singapore Med J 50(6): 595–603PubMed

Aizen E, Shugaev I, Lenger R (2007) Risk factors and characteristics of falls during inpatient rehabilitation of elderly patients. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 44(1): 1–12CrossRefPubMed

Albers GW, Amarenco P, Easton JD et al. (2004) Antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy for ischemic stroke: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. Chest 126(3 Suppl): 483S-512SCrossRefPubMed

Ambrosino N, Vagheggini G (2008) Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in the acute care setting: where are we? Eur Respir J 31(4): 874–886CrossRefPubMed

Antonelli M, Conti G, Moro ML et al. (2001) Predictors of failure of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure: a multi-center study. Intensive Care Med 27(11): 1718–1728CrossRefPubMed

Antonelli M, Conti G, Esquinas A et al. (2007) A multiple-center survey on the use in clinical practice of noninvasive ventilation as a first-line intervention for acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med 35(1): 18–25CrossRefPubMed

Aslanyan S, Weir CJ, Diener HC et al. (2004) Pneumonia and urinary tract infection after acute ischaemic stroke: a tertiary analysis of the GAIN International trial. Eur J Neurol 11(1): 49–53CrossRefPubMed

AWMF (Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften e.V. (2009) Prophylaxe der venösen Thromboembolie (VTE). http://www.awmf.org

Bach JR, Ishikawa Y, Kim H (1997) Prevention of pulmonary morbidity for patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Chest 112(4): 1024-1028CrossRefPubMed

Bamford J, Dennis M, Sandercock P et al. (1990) The frequency, causes and timing of death within 30 days of a first stroke: the Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 53(10): 824–829CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Barber M, Morton JJ, Macfarlane PW et al. (2007) Elevated troponin levels are associated with sympathoadrenal activation in acute ischaemic stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 23(4): 260–266CrossRefPubMed

Battisti A, Michotte JB, Tassaux D et al. (2005) Non-invasive ventilation in the recovery room for postoperative respiratory failure: a feasibility study. Swiss Med Wkly 135(23–24): 339–343PubMed

Bayramoglu M, Karatas M, Leblebici B et al. (2003) Hemorrhagic transformation in stroke patients. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 82(1): 48–52CrossRefPubMed

Bederson JB, Connolly ES, Jr., Batjer HH et al. (2009) Guidelines for the management of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a statement for healthcare professionals from a special writing group of the Stroke Council, American Heart Association. Stroke 40(3): 994–1025CrossRefPubMed

Bello G, De Pascale G, Antonelli M (2012) Noninvasive ventilation for the immunocompromised patient: always appropriate? Curr Opin Crit Care 18(1): 54–60CrossRefPubMed

Bertrand PM, Futier E, Coisel Y et al. (2013) Neurally adjusted ventilatory assist vs pressure support ventilation for noninvasive ventilation during acute respiratory failure: a crossover physiologic study. Chest 143(1): 30–36CrossRefPubMed

Bhogal SK, Teasell R, Foley N et al. (2005) Heterocyclics and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in the treatment and prevention of poststroke depression. J Am Geriatr Soc 53(6): 1051–1057CrossRefPubMed

Boeer A, Voth E, Henze T et al. (1991) Early heparin therapy in patients with spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 54(5): 466–467CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Bolton R, Bleetman A (2008) Non-invasive ventilation and continuous positive pressure ventilation in emergency departments: where are we now? Emerg Med J 25(4): 190–194CrossRefPubMed

Briones Claudett KH, Briones Claudett M, Chung Sang Wong M et al. (2013) Noninvasive mechanical ventilation with average volume assured pressure support (AVAPS) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and hypercapnic encephalopathy. BMC Pulm Med 13: 12CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

British Thoracic Society Standards of Care Committee (2002) Non-invasive ventilation in acute respiratory failure. Thorax 57(3): 192–211CrossRef

Brochard L, Mancebo J, Wysocki M et al. (1995) Noninvasive ventilation for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 333(13): 817–822CrossRefPubMed

Broderick JP, Phillips SJ, O'Fallon WM et al. (1992) Relationship of cardiac disease to stroke occurrence, recurrence, and mortality. Stroke 23(9): 1250–1256CrossRefPubMed

Brott T, Broderick J, Kothari R et al. (1997) Early hemorrhage growth in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 28(1): 1–5CrossRefPubMed

Burn J, Dennis M, Bamford J et al. (1997) Epileptic seizures after a first stroke: the Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project. BMJ 315(7122): 1582–1587CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Burns KE, Adhikari NK, Keenan SP et al. (2009) Use of non-invasive ventilation to wean critically ill adults off invasive ventilation: meta-analysis and systematic review. BMJ 338: b1574CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Busch M, Masuhr F (2004) Thromboprophylaxis and early antithrombotic therapy in patients with acute ischemic stroke and cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis. Eur J Med Res 9(4): 199–206PubMed

Camilo O, Goldstein LB (2004) Seizures and epilepsy after ischemic stroke. Stroke 35(7): 1769–1775CrossRefPubMed

Canivet JL, Larbuisson R, Lamy M (1989) Interest of face mask – CPAP in one case of severe accidental hypothermia. Acta Anaesthesiol Belg 40(4): 281–283PubMed

Carlberg B, Asplund K, Hagg E (1991) Factors influencing admission blood pressure levels in patients with acute stroke. Stroke 22(4): 527–530CrossRefPubMed

Carrillo A, Ferrer M, Gonzalez-Diaz G et al. (2012) Noninvasive ventilation in acute hypercapnic respiratory failure caused by obesity hypoventilation syndrome and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 186(12): 1279–1285CrossRefPubMed

Chamorro A, Horcajada JP, Obach V et al. (2005) The Early Systemic Prophylaxis of Infection After Stroke study: a randomized clinical trial. Stroke 36(7): 1495–1500CrossRefPubMed

Chandra D, Stamm JA, Taylor B et al. (2012) Outcomes of noninvasive ventilation for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the United States, 1998-2008. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 185(2): 152–159CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Chen HJ, Lee TC, Wei CP (1992) Treatment of cerebellar infarction by decompressive suboccipital craniectomy. Stroke 23(7): 957–961CrossRefPubMed

Chiumello D, Coppola S, Froio S et al. (2013) Noninvasive ventilation in chest trauma: systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med 39(7): 1171–1180CrossRefPubMed

Chollet F, Tardy J, Albucher JF et al. (2011) Fluoxetine for motor recovery after acute ischaemic stroke (FLAME): a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol 10(2): 123–130Christensen H, Boysen G, Christensen AF et al. (2005) Insular lesions, ECG abnormalities, and outcome in acute stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 76(2): 269–271CrossRefPubMed

Chua HC, Sen S, Cosgriff RF et al. (1999) Neurogenic ST depression in stroke. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 101(1): 44–48CrossRefPubMed

Confalonieri M, Potena A, Carbone G et al. (1999) Acute respiratory failure in patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia. A prospective randomized evaluation of noninvasive ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 160(5 Pt 1): 1585–1591CrossRefPubMed

Contal O, Adler D, Borel JC et al. (2013) Impact of different backup respiratory rates on the efficacy of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in obesity hypoventilation syndrome: a randomized trial. Chest 143(1): 37–46CrossRefPubMed

Contou D, Fragnoli C, Cordoba-Izquierdo A et al. (2013) Noninvasive ventilation for acute hypercapnic respiratory failure: intubation rate in an experienced unit. Respir Care 58(12): 2045–2052CrossRefPubMed

Cowie MR, Woehrle H, Wegscheider K et al. (2015) Adaptive Servo-Ventilation for Central Sleep Apnea in Systolic Heart Failure. N Engl J Med 373(12): 1095–1105CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Daniels SK, Brailey K, Foundas AL (1999) Lingual discoordination and dysphagia following acute stroke: analyses of lesion localization. Dysphagia 14(2): 85–92CrossRefPubMed

Davis SM, Donnan GA (2004) Effective prophylaxis for deep venous thrombosis after stroke: both low-dose anticoagulation and stockings for most cases. Stroke 35(12): 2910CrossRefPubMed

Dellweg D, Kerl J, Hoehn E et al. (2013) Randomized controlled trial of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) versus servoventilation in patients with CPAP-induced central sleep apnea (complex sleep apnea). Sleep 36(8): 1163–1171CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Demoule A, Girou E, Richard JC et al. (2006a) Benefits and risks of success or failure of noninvasive ventilation. Intensive Care Med 32(11): 1756–1765CrossRefPubMed

Demoule A, Girou E, Richard JC et al. (2006b) Increased use of noninvasive ventilation in French intensive care units. Intensive Care Med 32(11): 1747–1755CrossRefPubMed

Dennis MS, Lewis SC, Warlow C (2005) Effect of timing and method of enteral tube feeding for dysphagic stroke patients (FOOD): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 365(9461): 764–772CrossRefPubMed

Deutsche Gesellschaft für Angiologie – Gesellschaft für Gefäßmedizin e.V. (DGA) (2002) Diagnostik und Therapie der Venenthrombose und der Lungenembolie. http://www.awmf.org

Deutsche Gesellschaft für Neurologie (DGN) (2008) Leitlinien der DGN – Akuttherapie des ischämischen Schlaganfalls. http://www.dgn.org

Deutsche Gesellschaft für Neurologie (DGN) (2008) Leitlinien der DGN – Hirndruck. http://www.dgn.org

Diener HC, Ringelstein EB, von Kummer R et al. (2006) Prophylaxis of thrombotic and embolic events in acute ischemic stroke with the low-molecular-weight heparin certoparin: results of the PROTECT Trial. Stroke 37(1): 139–144CrossRefPubMed

Diringer MN, Zazulia AR (2004) Osmotic therapy: fact and fiction. Neurocrit Care 1(2): 219–233CrossRefPubMed

Drinker P, Shaw LA (1929) An apparatus for the prolonged administration of artificial respiration: I. A design for adults and children. J Clin Invest 7(2): 229–247CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Dumoulin C, Korner-Bitensky N, Tannenbaum C (2005) Urinary incontinence after stroke: does rehabilitation make a difference? A systematic review of the effectiveness of behavioral therapy. Top Stroke Rehabil 12(3): 66–76CrossRefPubMed

Esteban A, Frutos-Vivar F, Ferguson ND et al. (2004) Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation for respiratory failure after extubation. N Engl J Med 350(24): 2452–2460CrossRefPubMed

Esteban A, Ferguson ND, Meade MO et al. (2008) Evolution of mechanical ventilation in response to clinical research. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 177(2): 170–177CrossRefPubMed

European Stroke Organisation (ESO) Executive Committee; ESO Writing Committee (2008) Guidelines for management of ischaemic stroke and transient ischaemic attack 2008. Cerebrovasc Dis 25(5): 457–507CrossRef

Ferrari G, Milan A, Groff P et al. (2010) Continuous positive airway pressure vs. pressure support ventilation in acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema: a randomized trial. J Emerg Med 39(5): 676–684CrossRefPubMed

Ferrer M, Esquinas A, Leon M et al. (2003) Noninvasive ventilation in severe hypoxemic respiratory failure: a randomized clinical trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 168(12): 1438–1444CrossRefPubMed

Finestone HM, Greene-Finestone LS, Wilson ES et al. (1995) Malnutrition in stroke patients on the rehabilitation service and at follow-up: prevalence and predictors. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 76(4): 310–316CrossRefPubMed

Forster A, Young J (1995) Incidence and consequences of falls due to stroke: a systematic inquiry. BMJ 311(6997): 83–86CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Fujii Y, Takeuchi S, Sasaki O et al. (1998) Multivariate analysis of predictors of hematoma enlargement in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 29(6): 1160–1166CrossRefPubMed

Fure B, Bruun Wyller T, Thommessen B (2006) Electrocardiographic and troponin T changes in acute ischaemic stroke. J Intern Med 259(6): 592–597CrossRefPubMed

Gachot B, Clair B, Wolff M et al. (1992) Continuous positive airway pressure by face mask or mechanical ventilation in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection and severe Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Intensive Care Med 18(3): 155–159CrossRefPubMed

Gerberding JL (2002) Hospital-onset infections: a patient safety issue. Ann Intern Med 137(8): 665–670CrossRefPubMed

Girault C, Bubenheim M, Abroug F et al. (2011) Noninvasive ventilation and weaning in patients with chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure: a randomized multicenter trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 184(6): 672–679CrossRefPubMed

Gray A, Goodacre S, Newby DE et al. (2008) Noninvasive ventilation in acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema. N Engl J Med 359(2): 142–151CrossRefPubMed

Gray CS, Hildreth AJ, Sandercock PA et al. (2007) Glucose-potassium-insulin infusions in the management of post-stroke hyperglycaemia: the UK Glucose Insulin in Stroke Trial (GIST-UK). Lancet Neurol 6(5): 397–406CrossRefPubMed

Gupta R, Connolly ES, Mayer S et al. (2004) Hemicraniectomy for massive middle cerebral artery territory infarction: a systematic review. Stroke 35(2): 539–543CrossRefPubMed

Gupta D, Nath A, Agarwal R et al. (2010) A prospective randomized controlled trial on the efficacy of noninvasive ventilation in severe acute asthma. Respir Care 55(5): 536–543PubMed

Hacke W, Schwab S, Horn M et al. (1996) ‚Malignant’ middle cerebral artery territory infarction: clinical course and prognostic signs. Arch Neurol 53(4): 309–315CrossRefPubMed

Hackett ML, Anderson CS (2005) Predictors of depression after stroke: a systematic review of observational studies. Stroke 36(10): 2296–2301CrossRefPubMed

Heo JH, Han SW, Lee SK (2005) Free radicals as triggers of brain edema formation after stroke. Free Radic Biol Med 39(1): 51–70CrossRefPubMed

Hess DR (2013) Noninvasive ventilation for acute respiratory failure. Respir Care 58(6): 950–972CrossRefPubMed

Hilbert G, Gruson D, Vargas F et al. (2000) Noninvasive continuous positive airway pressure in neutropenic patients with acute respiratory failure requiring intensive care unit admission. Crit Care Med 28(9): 3185–3190CrossRefPubMed

Hilbert G, Gruson D, Vargas F et al. (2001) Noninvasive ventilation in immunosuppressed patients with pulmonary infiltrates, fever, and acute respiratory failure. N Engl J Med 344(7): 481–487CrossRefPubMed

Ho KM, Wong K (2006) A comparison of continuous and bi-level positive airway pressure non-invasive ventilation in patients with acute cardiogenic pulmonary oedema: a meta-analysis. Crit Care 10(2): R49CrossRef

Hornig CR, Rust DS, Busse O et al. (1994) Space-occupying cerebellar infarction. Clinical course and prognosis. Stroke 25(2): 372–374CrossRefPubMed

Kamphuisen PW, Agnelli G, Sebastianelli M (2005) Prevention of venous thromboembolism after acute ischemic stroke. J Thromb Haemost 3(6): 1187–1194CrossRefPubMed

Kasai T, Usui Y, Yoshioka T et al. (2010) Effect of flow-triggered adaptive servo-ventilation compared with continuous positive airway pressure in patients with chronic heart failure with coexisting obstructive sleep apnea and Cheyne-Stokes respiration. Circ Heart Fail 3(1): 140–148CrossRefPubMed

Keenan SP, Mehta S (2009) Noninvasive ventilation for patients presenting with acute respiratory failure: the randomized controlled trials. Respir Care 54(1): 116–126PubMed

Keenan SP, Sinuff T, Cook DJ et al. (2003) Which patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease benefit from noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation? A systematic review of the literature. Ann Intern Med 138(11): 861–870CrossRefPubMed

Kelly J, Rudd A, Lewis RR et al. (2004) Venous thromboembolism after acute ischemic stroke: a prospective study using magnetic resonance direct thrombus imaging. Stroke 35(10): 2320–2325CrossRefPubMed

Kocan MJ (1999) Cardiovascular effects of acute stroke. Prog Cardiovasc Nurs 14(2): 61–67PubMed

Kollmar R, Schwab S (2012) Hypothermia and Ischemic Stroke. Curr Treat Options Neurol

Kuhnlein P, Kubler A, Raubold S et al. (2008) Palliative care and circumstances of dying in German ALS patients using non-invasive ventilation. Amyotroph Lateral Scler 9(2): 91–98CrossRefPubMed

Langhorne P (1999) Measures to improve recovery in the acute phase of stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 9 Suppl 5: 2–5CrossRefPubMed

Lee JH, Rehder KJ, Williford L et al. (2013) Use of high flow nasal cannula in critically ill infants, children, and adults: a critical review of the literature. Intensive Care Med 39(2): 247–257CrossRefPubMed

Lellouche F, Brochard L (2009) Advanced closed loops during mechanical ventilation (PAV, NAVA, ASV, SmartCare). Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 23(1): 81–93CrossRefPubMed

Lightowler JV, Wedzicha JA, Elliott MW et al. (2003) Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation to treat respiratory failure resulting from exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 326(7382): 185CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Linden T, Blomstrand C, Skoog I (2007) Depressive disorders after 20 months in elderly stroke patients: a case-control study. Stroke 38(6): 1860–1863CrossRefPubMed

Lopez AD, Mathers CD, Ezzati M et al. (2006) Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001: systematic analysis of population health data. Lancet 367(9524): 1747–1757CrossRefPubMed

Mackintosh SF, Goldie P, Hill K (2005) Falls incidence and factors associated with falling in older, community-dwelling, chronic stroke survivors (>1 year after stroke) and matched controls. Aging Clin Exp Res 17(2): 74–81CrossRefPubMed

Mackintosh SF, Hill KD, Dodd KJ et al. (2006) Balance score and a history of falls in hospital predict recurrent falls in the 6 months following stroke rehabilitation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 87(12): 1583–1589CrossRefPubMed

Maggiore SM, Richard JC, Abroug F et al. (2010) A multicenter, randomized trial of noninvasive ventilation with helium-oxygen mixture in exacerbations of chronic obstructive lung disease. Crit Care Med 38(1): 145–151CrossRefPubMed

Mariani J, Macchia A, Belziti C et al. (2011) Noninvasive ventilation in acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Card Fail 17(10): 850–859CrossRefPubMed

Martino R, Foley N, Bhogal S et al. (2005) Dysphagia after stroke: incidence, diagnosis, and pulmonary complications. Stroke 36(12): 2756–2763CrossRefPubMed

Mas A and Masip J (2014) Noninvasive ventilation in acute respiratory failure. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 9: 837–852PubMedPubMedCentral

Masip J and Planas K (2011) Noninvasive ventilation. The ESC Textbook of Intensive and Acute Cardiac Care. Tubaro M, Danchin N et al. Oxford, Oxford University Press: 215–226

Mazzone C, Chiodo Grandi F, Sandercock P et al. (2002) Physical methods for preventing deep vein thrombosis in stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev(1): CD001922

Meduri GU, Conoscenti CC, Menashe P et al. (1989) Noninvasive face mask ventilation in patients with acute respiratory failure. Chest 95(4): 865–870CrossRefPubMed

Meijer R, Ihnenfeldt DS, de Groot IJ et al. (2003) Prognostic factors for ambulation and activities of daily living in the subacute phase after stroke. A systematic review of the literature. Clin Rehabil 17(2): 119–129CrossRefPubMed

Mireles-Cabodevila E and Chatburn RL (2009) Work of breathing in adaptive pressure control continuous mandatory ventilation. Respir Care 54(11): 1467–1472PubMed

Naff NJ, Hanley DF, Keyl PM et al. (2004) Intraventricular thrombolysis speeds blood clot resolution: results of a pilot, prospective, randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Neurosurgery 54(3): 577–583; discussion 583–574CrossRefPubMed

Nava S (2013) Behind a mask: tricks, pitfalls, and prejudices for noninvasive ventilation. Respir Care 58(8): 1367–1376CrossRefPubMed

Nava S, Hill N (2009) Non-invasive ventilation in acute respiratory failure. Lancet 374(9685): 250–259CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Nava S, Gregoretti C, Fanfulla F et al. (2005) Noninvasive ventilation to prevent respiratory failure after extubation in high-risk patients. Crit Care Med 33(11): 2465–2470CrossRefPubMed

Nava S, Grassi M, Fanfulla F et al. (2011) Non-invasive ventilation in elderly patients with acute hypercapnic respiratory failure: a randomised controlled trial. Age Ageing 40(4): 444–450CrossRefPubMed

Nava S, Ferrer M, Esquinas A et al. (2013) Palliative use of non-invasive ventilation in end-of-life patients with solid tumours: a randomised feasibility trial. Lancet Oncol 14(3): 219–227CrossRefPubMed

O'Brien JT, Erkinjuntti T, Reisberg B et al. (2003) Vascular cognitive impairment. Lancet Neurol 2(2): 89–98CrossRefPubMed

Olsen TS (2001) Post-stroke epilepsy. Curr Atheroscler Rep 3(4): 340–344CrossRefPubMed

Oppenheimer SM, Hachinski VC (1992) The cardiac consequences of stroke. Neurol Clin 10(1): 167–176CrossRefPubMed

Orlandi G, Fanucchi S, Strata G et al. (2000) Transient autonomic nervous system dysfunction during hyperacute stroke. Acta Neurol Scand 102(5): 317–321CrossRefPubMed

Ornico SR, Lobo SM, Sanches HS et al. (2013) Noninvasive ventilation immediately after extubation improves weaning outcome after acute respiratory failure: a randomized controlled trial. Crit Care 17(2): R39CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Orta DA, Tucker NH, 3rd, Green LE et al. (1978) Severe hypoxemia secondary to pulmonary embolization treated successfully with the use of a CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure) mask. Chest 74(5): 588–590CrossRefPubMed

Paolucci S, Gandolfo C, Provinciali L et al. (2006) The Italian multicenter observational study on post-stroke depression (DESTRO). J Neurol 253(5): 556–562CrossRefPubMed

Peter JV, Moran JL, Phillips-Hughes J et al. (2002) Noninvasive ventilation in acute respiratory failure–a meta-analysis update. Crit Care Med 30(3): 555–562CrossRefPubMed

Peter JV, Moran JL, Phillips-Hughes J et al. (2006) Effect of non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) on mortality in patients with acute cardiogenic pulmonary oedema: a meta-analysis. Lancet 367(9517): 1155–1163CrossRefPubMed

Plant PK, Owen JL, Elliott MW (2000) Early use of non-invasive ventilation for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on general respiratory wards: a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 355(9219): 1931–1935CrossRefPubMed

Qureshi AI, Suarez JI, Yahia AM et al. (2003) Timing of neurologic deterioration in massive middle cerebral artery infarction: a multicenter review. Crit Care Med 31(1): 272–277CrossRefPubMed

Rabinstein A, Wijdicks EF (2002) BiPAP in acute respiratory failure due to myasthenic crisis may prevent intubation. Neurology 59(10): 1647–1649CrossRefPubMed

Ram FS, Wellington S, Rowe B et al. (2005) Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation for treatment of respiratory failure due to severe acute exacerbations of asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev(3): CD004360

Reddy M, Gill SS, Rochon PA (2006) Preventing pressure ulcers: a systematic review. Jama 296(8): 974–984CrossRefPubMed

Rothwell PM, Buchan A, Johnston SC (2006) Recent advances in management of transient ischaemic attacks and minor ischaemic strokes. Lancet Neurol 5(4): 323–331CrossRefPubMed

Rothwell PM, Coull AJ, Silver LE et al. (2005) Population-based study of event-rate, incidence, case fatality, and mortality for all acute vascular events in all arterial territories (Oxford Vascular Study). Lancet 366(9499): 1773–1783CrossRefPubMed

Rumbach L, Sablot D, Berger E et al. (2000) Status epilepticus in stroke: report on a hospital-based stroke cohort. Neurology 54(2): 350–354

Salazar J, Vaquero J, Martinez P et al. (1986) Clinical and CT scan assessment of benign versus fatal spontaneous cerebellar haematomas. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 79(2–4): 80–86CrossRef

Scala R, Naldi M, Archinucci I et al. (2005) Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in patients with acute exacerbations of COPD and varying levels of consciousness. Chest 128(3): 1657–1666CrossRefPubMed

Schettino G, Altobelli N and Kacmarek RM (2008) Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation in acute respiratory failure outside clinical trials: experience at the Massachusetts General Hospital. Crit Care Med 36(2): 441–447CrossRefPubMed

Schonhofer B and Sortor-Leger S (2002) Equipment needs for noninvasive mechanical ventilation. Eur Respir J 20(4): 1029–1036CrossRefPubMed

Schonhofer B, Kuhlen R, Neumann P et al. (2008) Clinical practice guideline: non-invasive mechanical ventilation as treatment of acute respiratory failure. Dtsch Arztebl Int 105(24): 424–433PubMedPubMedCentral

Schwab S, Schwarz S, Spranger M et al. (1998) Moderate hypothermia in the treatment of patients with severe middle cerebral artery infarction. Stroke 29(12): 2461–2466CrossRefPubMed

Seneviratne J, Mandrekar J, Wijdicks EF et al. (2008) Noninvasive ventilation in myasthenic crisis. Arch Neurol 65(1): 54-58CrossRefPubMed

Shee CD, Green M (2003) Non-invasive ventilation and palliation: experience in a district general hospital and a review. Palliat Med 17(1): 21–26CrossRefPubMed

Sherman DG, Albers GW, Bladin C et al. (2007) The efficacy and safety of enoxaparin versus unfractionated heparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after acute ischaemic stroke (PREVAIL Study): an open-label randomised comparison. Lancet 369(9570): 1347–1355CrossRefPubMed

Squadrone V, Coha M, Cerutti E et al. (2005) Continuous positive airway pressure for treatment of postoperative hypoxemia: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 293(5): 589–595CrossRefPubMed

Staykov D, Bardutzky J, Huttner HB et al. (2011) Intraventricular fibrinolysis for intracerebral hemorrhage with severe ventricular involvement. Neurocrit Care 15(1): 194–209CrossRefPubMed

Staykov D, Gupta R (2011) Hemicraniectomy in malignant middle cerebral artery infarction. Stroke 42(2): 513–516CrossRefPubMed

Staykov D, Wagner I, Volbers B et al. (2011) Natural course of perihemorrhagic edema after intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 42(9): 2625–2629CrossRefPubMed

Stroke Unit Trialists' Collaboration (2007) Organised inpatient (stroke unit) care for stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev(4): CD000197

Swedberg K, Cleland J, Dargie H et al. (2005) Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic heart failure: executive summary (update 2005): The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Heart Failure of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 26(11): 1115–1140CrossRefPubMed

Tatschl C, Stollberger C, Matz K et al. (2006) Insular involvement is associated with QT prolongation: ECG abnormalities in patients with acute stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 21(1–2): 47–53CrossRefPubMed

Teasell R, McRae M, Foley N et al. (2002) The incidence and consequences of falls in stroke patients during inpatient rehabilitation: factors associated with high risk. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 83(3): 329–333CrossRefPubMed

Thille AW, Contou D, Fragnoli C et al. (2013) Non-invasive ventilation for acute hypoxemic respiratory failure: intubation rate and risk factors. Crit Care 17(6): R269CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Thomas LH, Barrett J, Cross S et al. (2005) Prevention and treatment of urinary incontinence after stroke in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev(3): CD004462

Thomas LH, Cross S, Barrett J et al. (2008) Treatment of urinary incontinence after stroke in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev(1): CD004462

Thomas SA, Lincoln NB (2006) Factors relating to depression after stroke. Br J Clin Psychol 45(Pt 1): 49–61CrossRefPubMed

Torbicki A, Perrier A, Konstantinides S et al. (2008) Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism: the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Acute Pulmonary Embolism of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 29(18): 2276–2315CrossRefPubMed

Trapl M, Enderle P, Nowotny M et al. (2007) Dysphagia bedside screening for acute-stroke patients: the Gugging Swallowing Screen. Stroke 38(11): 2948–2952CrossRefPubMed

Vahedi K, Hofmeijer J, Juettler E et al. (2007) Early decompressive surgery in malignant infarction of the middle cerebral artery: a pooled analysis of three randomised controlled trials. Lancet Neurol 6(3): 215–222CrossRefPubMed

Van de Meent H, Geurts AC, Van Limbeek J (2003) Pharmacologic treatment of poststroke depression: a systematic review of the literature. Top Stroke Rehabil 10(1): 79–92CrossRefPubMed

Vanpee D, Delaunois L, Lheureux P et al. (2002) Survey of non-invasive ventilation for acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients in emergency departments in Belgium. Eur J Emerg Med 9(3): 217–224CrossRefPubMed

Vassallo M, Vignaraja R, Sharma JC et al. (2004) The effect of changing practice on fall prevention in a rehabilitative hospital: the Hospital Injury Prevention Study. J Am Geriatr Soc 52(3): 335–339CrossRefPubMed

Vespa PM, O'Phelan K, Shah M et al. (2003) Acute seizures after intracerebral hemorrhage: a factor in progressive midline shift and outcome. Neurology 60(9): 1441–1446CrossRefPubMed

Vignaux L, Vargas F, Roeseler J et al. (2009) Patient-ventilator asynchrony during non-invasive ventilation for acute respiratory failure: a multicenter study. Intensive Care Med 35(5): 840–846CrossRefPubMed

Vitacca M, Ambrosino N, Clini E et al. (2001) Physiological response to pressure support ventilation delivered before and after extubation in patients not capable of totally spontaneous autonomous breathing. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164(4): 638–641CrossRefPubMed

Vital FM, Saconato H, Ladeira MT et al. (2008) Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (CPAP or bilevel NPPV) for cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Cochrane Database Syst Rev(3): CD005351

Weimar C, Mieck T, Buchthal J et al. (2005) Neurologic worsening during the acute phase of ischemic stroke. Arch Neurol 62(3): 393–397CrossRefPubMed

Weimar C, Roth MP, Zillessen G et al. (2002) Complications following acute ischemic stroke. Eur Neurol 48(3): 133–140CrossRefPubMed

Weng CL, Zhao YT, Liu QH et al. (2010) Meta-analysis: Noninvasive ventilation in acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Ann Intern Med 152(9): 590–600CrossRefPubMed

Westhoff M, Schonhofer B, Neumann P et al. (2015) [Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilation in Acute Respiratory Failure]. Pneumologie 69(12): 719–756CrossRefPubMed

Wijdicks EF, Diringer MN (1998) Middle cerebral artery territory infarction and early brain swelling: progression and effect of age on outcome. Mayo Clin Proc 73(9): 829–836CrossRefPubMed

Wijdicks EF, Scott JP (1997) Pulmonary embolism associated with acute stroke. Mayo Clin Proc 72(4): 297–300Windisch W (2012) Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in COPD. Breathe 8: 115–122CrossRefPubMed

Winn HR, Richardson AE, Jane JA (1977) The long-term prognosis in untreated cerebral aneurysms: I. The incidence of late hemorrhage in cerebral aneurysm: a 10–year evaluation of 364 patients. Ann Neurol 1(4): 358–370CrossRefPubMed

Wysocki M, Tric L, Wolff MA et al. (1995) Noninvasive pressure support ventilation in patients with acute respiratory failure. A randomized comparison with conventional therapy. Chest 107(3): 761–768CrossRefPubMed

Yokoyama T, Kondoh Y, Taniguchi H et al. (2010) Noninvasive ventilation in acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Intern Med 49(15): 1509–1514CrossRefPubMed

Titel: Akuttherapie
verfasst von: M. Köhrmann
E. M. Sauer
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Buch: Pflegewissen Stroke Unit
Print ISBN: 978-3-662-53624-7

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-662-53625-4

Copyright-Jahr: 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53625-4_6

Springerpflege

Zusammenfassung

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten